t******l
发帖数: 10908 | 1 我觉得这里有个衡量标准的问题。。。大部分的衡量标准是 achievement。。。但
achievement 不一定仅仅跟 higher intelligence 正相关，而且跟 Obsessive-
Compulsive Disorder 同时也正相关，搞不好相关性更大。
而你上面说的 “在精神不正常的边缘”，我觉得更多的是跟 Obsessive-
Compulsive Disorder 那块相关，而不是 Higher Intelligence 本身。
另一个角度看，Higher Intelligence 的确有一定程度的 pay evolution price。。。
但如果 evolution price 太高的话，那也会变成 evolution disadvantage。。。所以
不应该太离谱。。。但 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 是 achievement（而不是
intelligence）的 evolution price，就不好说。。。
: 斯坦福对天才的定义是：聪明人 直系亲属有精神病。天才本来就被认为
命好... 阅读全帖 |
|
发帖数: 1 | 2
这个例子恰恰说明英文是先进的，中文是落后的。不赋予一个新事物全新的名字，而赋
予它一个望文生义的例子是非常愚昧甚至危险的。尤其是翻译者并不了解事物内涵而给
它一个不贴切的译名的时候。
最好的例子是 evolution 翻译成进化论，导致大量中国人望文生义，以为高大，聪明
等等特质是单向 evolved的，完全不理解 evolution的真正含义。一个号称无神论为主
的国家，一个中学必涉及evolution的国家实际上懂evolution的人恐怕不到1%，这里面
最大的问题就是汉语本身以及翻译。如果直接翻译艾窝录寻可能会好很多。那样人们会
意识到这是个全新概念需要仔细学习。
还有一个例子是hepatitis 翻译成肝炎，如果望文生义，就会和细菌感染等同，并且低
估其严重性和治愈难度。如果翻译成海珀太提病，就不会有这种误解。 |
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l*******g
发帖数: 28502 | 3 ☆─────────────────────────────────────☆
lanzhu (小懒猪) 于 (Tue Apr 5 14:28:10 2011, 美东) 提到:
曾经
对你的爱如痴如醉
飞蛾扑火般一次次为你狂奔
你也始终在那里
将我等待
任我信手掂来
曾经
习惯了置你于心
闲暇之余把你抚触
你总是烟雾般弥漫其中
一次次将我淹没
垂手可得的
总是不容易被珍惜
总是在最后一刻
我才会记起屡屡被遗忘的你
总是在最后一刻
我才会把你捧在手心
表达对你的爱
终于有一天
我发现
你已经彻底离去时
我开始痛心疾首
开始忏悔
而一切都已太晚
你彻底的走了
没有一丝牵挂
没有一丝留恋
经历过才懂得拥有
失去过才懂得珍惜
我心爱的UP啊
我会把你裱进相框
挂在心里
永远怀恋你
你安息吧
☆─────────────────────────────────────☆
isis1414 (意思意思) 于 (Tue Apr 5 14:40:40 2011, 美东) 提到:
啊？？？
☆─────────────────────────────────────☆
is... 阅读全帖 |
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y****t
发帖数: 10233 | 4 you BELIEVE there is evolution and you BELIEVE there is no evolution are
totally opposite.
Do you understand now?
And, you BELIEVE there is evolution, vs there is evolution are totally
different.
Do you understand now?
What i simply say is
now try to use your brain to understand it again, if you have any.
YOU BELIEVE WHAT YOU WANT TO BELIEVE, BUT THAT'S NOT SCIENCE.
是： |
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z****l
发帖数: 5282 | 5 ☆─────────────────────────────────────☆
sillycat (^_^) 于 (Tue Oct 9 22:35:28 2007) 提到:
$200 ＋ 15000 miles的promotion请看evolution的帖子。
如果90天内转入累积超过5万可以多拿1万迈，也是UA或AA promotion上写明的
现在，在evolution的第三步结束以后，进入自己的帐户，注册MySmart Cash checking
account，记下account number，用evolution的第一步的连接，重新注册promotion，
选existing account，帐户号写新的account number。
再从外部转入$10000到MySmart Cash，可再拿$100。 另外，有人从fido的brokerage转
1万去checking，也顺利拿到100，所以YMMV
BTW，不知道如果重复evolution的第一步两次，再进行之后的操作，是否两个新帐户都
qualify 100？可以试试，这样possibly有400 bonus |
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z****l
发帖数: 5282 | 6 ☆─────────────────────────────────────☆
sillycat (^_^) 于 (Tue Oct 9 22:35:28 2007) 提到:
$200 ＋ 15000 miles的promotion请看evolution的帖子。
如果90天内转入累积超过5万可以多拿1万迈，也是UA或AA promotion上写明的
现在，在evolution的第三步结束以后，进入自己的帐户，注册MySmart Cash checking
account，记下account number，用evolution的第一步的连接，重新注册promotion，
选existing account，帐户号写新的account number。
再从外部转入$10000到MySmart Cash，可再拿$100。 另外，有人从fido的brokerage转
1万去checking，也顺利拿到100，所以YMMV
BTW，不知道如果重复evolution的第一步两次，再进行之后的操作，是否两个新帐户都
qualify 100？可以试试，这样possibly有400 bonus |
|
t******l
发帖数: 10908 | 7 如果这个 “mirror-neuron => object-permanence hypothesis” 成立，那么就容易
解释为啥小小娃 / 小娃，都不想太快知道答案了。
这个可能是为了 properly train 那些 mirror-neuron (类比 Cisco 路由器)，我们的
evolution 进化出一个机制来 discriminate direct causal-effect 的模式（因为这
个模式里，mirror-neuron 啥事都不用干）。而这个机制就是小小娃/小娃不希望大人
太早给答案，即使知道是 direct causal-effect。
如果再进一步假设的话，就算上一代知道是 direct causal-effect，但是 evolution
的优势更多的是在 adaptivity 而不是一点点 efficiency。而 evolution 永远无法确
信这种 direct causal-effect 将来是不是一定存在（挨过冰川期，比拿到藤校入学通
知书，更重要）。从这个角度看，evolution 让 neuro-plasticity outweigh ... 阅读全帖 |
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R*******d
发帖数: 13640 | 8 【 以下文字转载自 Biology 讨论区 】
发信人: liujiatian (liujiatian), 信区: Biology
标 题: 2015年影响因子新出炉
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Thu Jun 18 23:51:32 2015, 美东)
Rank full journal title Total Cites IF
1 ca-a cancer journal for clinicians 18,594 115.84
2 new england journal of medicine 268,652 55.873
4 lancet 185,361 45.217
6 nature biotechnology 45,986 41.514
7 nature 617,363 41.456
12 nature materials 64,622 36.503
13 jama-journal of the american medical assoc... 阅读全帖 |
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r****t
发帖数: 221 | 9 2012年8月2日上午10点正，第六次站在 Mt.Whitney 顶的石堆上，但是第一次把它当作
一段旅程的起点。在这个起点上总共待了15分钟，身体的良好感觉给了我足够的信心。
Big G’s JMT chart is used as distance-measure reference
8月1日（星期三， 晴暖无风）
pickup permit@Eastern Sierra InterAgency Visitor Center, Lone Pine 8:00
A.M.
Whitney Portal. started@Noon.
Lone Pine Lake
Outpost Camp
Trail Camp 3:15 P.M. (stay overnight)
（D: 6Mi， E.G.: 3700FT）
8月2日（星期四， 晴暖无风云）
Trail Camp
Trail Crest 9:00 A.M.
cross@Mt Whitney Trail
Mt Whitney 10:... 阅读全帖 |
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d**********o
发帖数: 1321 | 10 针峰相对(8)
接下来的周一，代课老师讲他研究项目上所用到的prey, predator关系，为他上周五不
来讲课找到、摆出了充足的理由。
紧接着的周三，代课老师开始讲 Competitive co-evolution, cooperative co
evolution。
Competitive co-evolution时，老师举了几个例子：
1 population -- implicit competition, for some environment
1 population -- explicit competition, head to head competition
2 population -- explicit competition, between 2 species
2 population -- like Solver & Problem Generators
到cooperative co evolution时，老师先举个例子，比如说Santa Fe trail问题，2
ants, but the food requires both ants to pi... 阅读全帖 |
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d**********o
发帖数: 1321 | 11 针峰相对(8)
接下来的周一，代课老师讲他研究项目上所用到的prey, predator关系，为他上周五不
来讲课找到、摆出了充足的理由。
紧接着的周三，代课老师开始讲 Competitive co-evolution, cooperative co
evolution。
Competitive co-evolution时，老师举了几个例子：
1 population -- implicit competition, for some environment
1 population -- explicit competition, head to head competition
2 population -- explicit competition, between 2 species
2 population -- like Solver & Problem Generators
到cooperative co evolution时，老师先举个例子，比如说Santa Fe trail问题，2
ants, but the food requires both ants to pi... 阅读全帖 |
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P*****t
发帖数: 4978 | 12 Why Is The Penis Shaped Like That? (EXCERPT)
Excerpted from "WHY IS THE PENIS SHAPED LIKE THAT? …And Other Reflections
on Being Human" by Jesse Bering. Published July 7th by Scientific American/
Farrar, Straus and Giroux, LLC. Copyright © 2012 by Jesse Bering. All
rights reserved.
If you’ve ever had a good long look at the human phallus, whether yours or
someone else’s, you’ve probably scratched your head over its peculiar
shape.
Let’s face it: it’s not the most intuitively configured appen... 阅读全帖 |
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r****a
发帖数: 1350 | 13 原文： http://songshuhui.net/archives/64297
好多年前，天神头目宙斯凭栏眺望人间的特洛伊城，看到貌美如花的王子伽倪墨得斯裸
泳，倾慕不已。爱是自私的，神的爱更自私，他化作苍鹰，含情脉脉地把伽伽叼上去了
。宙斯真是性爱大全，姐弟恋，哥弟恋都搞；而且这可是赤裸裸的绑架。话说伽伽到了
天庭，不仅上了宙斯的床，还得了侍酒童的美差，可以和众神寻欢作乐。一般情况下，
宙斯诱骗美女的绝招是让她们怀孕，然后抛弃之；可伽伽无法怀孕，宙斯便许诺他长生
不老，就是天上永恒的水瓶座。可怜老父亲还在地上以泪洗面，殊不知儿子名字早有隐
喻，其中蕴含了“使欢愉”和“男性外生殖器”双重含义。名字怎么起的……
希腊神话往往是为了让人间习俗合理化，相传克里特（克里特岛，位于地中海北部，是
希腊的第一大岛）确有偷小美男子进山，让他体验成人欢愉，过一阵再送还的传统。看
来同性相恋在古代还曾更加堂而皇之过。实际上在如今的人间，男性中2%-5%的人是纯
粹的同性恋，女性也有1%-2%，算上有倾向或自己没意识到的，就更多了。
“天”生同性恋
不仅人，类人猿也有同性爱抚行为，这不稀奇，后面再说。然... 阅读全帖 |
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B********e
发帖数: 19317 | 14 Evolution 101 Table of Contents
1. An introduction to evolution
Evolution briefly defined and explained
2. The history of life: looking at the patterns
How does evolution lead to the tree of life?
* The family tree
* Understanding phylogenies
* Building the tree
* Homologies and analogies
* Using the tree for classification
* Adding time to the tree
* How we know what happened when
* Important events in the history of life
3. Mechanisms: the processes |
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B********e
发帖数: 19317 | 15 http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/0_0_0/evo_15
Descent with modification
We've defined evolution as descent with modification from a common ancestor,
but exactly what has been modified? Evolution only occurs when there is a
change in gene frequency within a population over time. These genetic
differences are heritable and can be passed on to the next generation —
which is what really matters in evolution: long term change.
Compare these two examples of change in beetle populations |
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l**********t
发帖数: 5754 | 16 Contex to the lengthy discussion: Eloihim (真神)'s misunderstanding of the "
cuause" vs. the outcome.
IHMO, the key difference between the "evolution theory" and Christian belief
is the casual factor of "variation/mutation" as observed in fossil records
& other scientific discoveries. In Darwin's theory, these cause of these "
mutation/variation" is "random" (intractable/unknown), vs. Christian belief
in design/guidance from God.
So these two words ("random" vs. "mutation/varition") are the key c... 阅读全帖 |
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R******d
发帖数: 5739 | 17
了。
before you comment on science, you should at least have some education in
science. otherwise it is foolish to comment, and it might be foolish for me
to answer you if you don't read more.
-------------------
进化论者基本错误就是其假设，一切假设都是根据人自己的思维来考虑的。如果按照自
然界逻辑来考虑的话，那么试问
1 无机物为何一定要变有机物？事实是有机物最后腐败分解都变成了无机物，有机物也
无法在太阳或其他星球生存。有机物无法适应恶劣环境且很脆弱，为何进化论假设反了。
----------------------------
inorganic or organic are just two categories of morelecules categorized by
chemists. categorizing them is not relevant to w... 阅读全帖 |
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t*******d
发帖数: 2570 | 18 看看科学家们是怎么看待这个问题的吧。
http://www.nationalacademies.org/evolution/FAQ.html
如果想细看的话里面的资源很多。下面是关于进化论和宗教的FAQ:
Frequently Asked Questions
Aren't evolution and religion opposing ideas?
Newspaper and television stories sometimes make it seem as though evolution
and religion are incompatible, but that is not true. Many scientists and
theologians have written about how one can accept both faith and the
validity of biological evolution. Many past and current scientists who have
made major contributions to ou |
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G******e
发帖数: 9567 | 19 http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17138413/ns/technology_and_science-science/?from=ET
Timeline - Key events in the Kansas evolution debate
Kansas has changed its rules numerous times on whether evolution should be
taught in public schools. Below is an overview of the debate:
2007
Feb. 13
Kansas Board of Education approves new evolution-oriented science standards
for the state's public schools, reflecting mainstream scientific views of
evolution. It's a defeat for advocates of intelligent design, which |
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w*********r
发帖数: 3382 | 20 it is a hierarchy of confidence running downhill from truth to theory to
hypothesis to guess to bullshit, determined by the level of "facts" it
incorporates.
but of course some just choose to ignore fact and have confidence in
bullshit, you just have to live with the fact that some people are just
either bigoted or plain stupid.
i won't call evolution an indisputable truth but it is a theory arises from
repeated observation and testing and incorporates facts, laws, predictions,
and tested hypoth... 阅读全帖 |
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w******d
发帖数: 1301 | 21 好吧， 既然你觉得我的总结不准确，我道歉先。我们来一段一段探讨你的话。
it is a hierarchy of confidence running downhill from truth to theory to
hypothesis to guess to bullshit, determined by the level of "facts" it
incorporates.
你觉得事实就可以作为证据来判断什么是真理。 在人是全知的情况下， 你的论断是
对的。 在人被时空限制住不能全知的情况下，所观测的事实就可能不是真的事实。
所得到的推断就可能是谬误了。 所以圣经说人吃了智慧果就有了原罪， 我觉得这是
其中一部分原因，因为人并不能像神一样全知，分别善恶就会出错。
but of course some just choose to ignore fact and have confidence in
bullshit, you just have to live with the fact that some people are just
either bigoted or ... 阅读全帖 |
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D*****r
发帖数: 6791 | 22 Evolution is a historical science. Not being able to be repeated does not
mean it is not true. This is the same as detectives can infer what must have
happened even though they cannot repeat the crime.
It can also be tested. The search for new fossils can always be predicted
and verified by the theory. And evolution is so well tested that it is used
as a fact to determine the age of the soil and rock near the fossil.
Creationism can explain everything so it explains nothing. It needs infinite
ex... 阅读全帖 |
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E*****m
发帖数: 25615 | 23 http://musingsofscience.wordpress.com/2011/01/22/evolution-of-t
Their simulation took 1,829 steps to evolve the eye when a change in the
magnitude of something (such as the refractive index, or in the thickness of
the transparent layer) equalled 1%. When a change in the order of magnitude
equalled 0.005% the simulation took 363,992 steps. The step numbers are
arbitrary; there needs to be some definite quantifiable unit of magnitude,
and that meant looking to real genetic change.
N&L postulated t... 阅读全帖 |
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E*****m
发帖数: 25615 | 24 According to quantum physics, everything is random.
I won't say I know QP enough to tell. But I'm more inclined
to believe it.
But it really doesn't matter for biology. It's external to the
scope. You can think it's given by your god according to an unknown (to human)
process, or a random process. It makes no difference.
Evolution theory DOES NOT rely on any assumption that the universe
is random. You can easily prove me wrong by pointing to any reputable
evolution book that says evolution theor... 阅读全帖 |
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l**********t
发帖数: 5754 | 25 Since this is a 進化論的隨機因素 掃盲, I just want it to serve it purpose --
-check your understanding of "evolution theory", because
a)your position is not clear from your previous posts (as I summarized at
the end).
b)your previous reluctency to answer the simple question - whether origin of
human is by chance or not based on evolution theory
Only after the posts from TheRinger, you finally gave an unequivocal answer
(Yes "人可能出現也可能不出現, 那我同意人未必會出現 "). but how did we get
here?
****************************... 阅读全帖 |
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l**********t
发帖数: 5754 | 26 Back to the key debate of the discussion -- the contrast between "evolution
theory" & what I believe as a Christian (only speak for myself).
IMHO, the underlying assumption in Evolution Theory is "random" cause,
including the intractable cause of the mutations, and the intractable
sequences of events that lead to the environments (subject to which the "
variation" is selected) in the origin of life & species. Of course given an
environment, the seleciton mechanism follows biological laws.
Instea... 阅读全帖 |
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d******2
发帖数: 107 | 27 Sorry, I am tired, so I'll just try to give a temperary short answer.
The appearance of homo sapiens in evolution is to some extent random and to
some extent deterministic. It is to some extent deterministic because of the
non-random improved chance of survival and reproduction that those mutated
genes confer on individuals who possess them.
I cannot agree to reduce those deterministic side of evolution to randomness
. That would ignore the mechanisms explained by biologists and the multiple
sou... 阅读全帖 |
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l**********t
发帖数: 5754 | 28 发信人: Eloihim (真神), 信区: TrustInJesus
标 题: Re: 基督徒的潛規則(三 ) 絕不直接回答問題
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Sat Jun 11 06:38:43 2011, 美东)
why not?
I believe in the Bible.
exactly, I believe the variations are designed/introduced by God, 非隨機..
The "evolution theory" attributes the variations to "unknown" root causes.
the selection is designed by God, thru the biochemical rules & selecting
environments. In "Evolution theory", the environments are "external" to the
theory, as given assumptions.
of course I disagree with th... 阅读全帖 |
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c******r
发帖数: 889 | 29 We take evolution as a scientific theory just as we take relativity as a
scientific theory.
We have a system to delegate tasks to experts in certain specific fields and
accept their conclusions. Because we know these conclusions are results of
scientific investigation and supported with objective evidence and
observation.
There is a fundamental difference between our acceptance of the theory of
evolutions and your faith in Jesus. We admit there exists possibility that
evolution maybe disapproved... 阅读全帖 |
|
l**********t
发帖数: 5754 | 30
础: 的理论的。但并不是相对论，热力学就错误和不必要。
IMHO, "evolution theory" to biology is not comparable to thermodynamics to
chemistry.
thermodynamics is the foundation and provides guidance to feasibility of
chemical reactions & stability. It has a rigorous theoretical framework backed with empirical data measured accurately in well controlled lab environments. It offers repeatability and predictability (on the feasibility of chemical reactions) -- a trait of all true successful theory IMHO.
On the contrary, almos... 阅读全帖 |
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J*****3
发帖数: 4298 | 31 Collins相信进化论，并认为进化论是和他的信仰相容的：
http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2001/012/2.42.html
---Do you believe in evolution?
---I think evolution is a very compelling explanation for the relatedness of
living things on this planet. You can't study DNA without noting the
relatedness of the sequences between us and other animals, bacteria, and
plants. But I don't have any problem with putting that together with my
belief in God as the Creator of life and in God as one who desires
fellowship with humankind... 阅读全帖 |
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c****n
发帖数: 21367 | 32 human intelligent design is nothing special, but science
the important part is, human intelligent design is guided
by evolution theory
thus totally different to the biblic intelligent design,
which advocate tiger eat grass and create all species all at once
we are now very clear that some species are millions of years later
than other species, and tiger no matter what won't eat grass
all these knowledge of evolution have formed theories
that lead to today's bioengineering ability. the success of... 阅读全帖 |
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s*********a
发帖数: 801 | 33 Stephen J. Gould 是间断进化（Punctuated evolution）的最初提出者之一，为了突
出他们的间断进化理论，他的文章经常这样写，达尔文（或者达尔文的渐进式进化）是
不对的，或者说，化石的证据不支持达尔文。跟着下来的半句，他接着写，进化应该是
间断式的。
于是，这些句子的前半句就成了神创轮子的反对进化论的“证据”了。
“The evolutionary trees that adorn our textbooks have data only at the tips
and nodes of their branches; the rest is inference, however reasonable, not
the evidence of fossils.” (Stephen Jay Gould, Harvard University. “
Evolution’s Erratic Pace”, Natural History Vol. 5, May 1977).
“The absence of fossil evidence for interme... 阅读全帖 |
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t*******r
发帖数: 2940 | 34 I like the following quote:
"Evolutionists have been very clear about this distinction of fact and
theory from the very beginning, if only because we have always acknowledged
how far we are from completely understanding the mechanisms (theory) by
which evolution (fact) occurred. Darwin continually emphasized the
difference between his two great and separate accomplishments: establishing
the fact of evolution, and proposing a theory--natural selection--to explain
the mechanism of evolution."
- St... 阅读全帖 |
|
l*****a
发帖数: 38403 | 35 Tennessee Pastor Blames Mass Shootings On Schools Teaching “Crap About
Evolution” And “How To Be Gay”
Another day, another batty pastor blaming the Sandy Hook mass killings on
ridiculousness…
Via Raw Story:
A Tennessee pastor on Sunday told his congregation that the number of mass
shooting were escalating because of schools were government “mind-control
centers” that taught “junk about evolution” and “how to be a gay.” Old
Paths Baptist Church Pastor Sam Morris began speaking about last week’s
s... 阅读全帖 |
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W***q
发帖数: 152 | 36 http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2239270/PC-Kevin-Hughes
'Racist' Met police officer who compared a black man to a monkey claims he
was only discussing evolution
•PC Kevin Hughes claims he only described a black man as a monkey
while on patrol because he was having a conversation about evolution
•Fellow PC David Hair 'asked black colleague if she was going home to
cook bananas'
•Officers were suspended in April following complaints from other PCs
By Eddie Wrenn and Chris... 阅读全帖 |
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Z**********g
发帖数: 222 | 37 1. 关于cell (slow cycling)--> transit : amplifying : cells--> differentiated
cell,在正常组织中研究比较深入的比如intestinal stem cells,文献参阅:
Nature. 2010 Oct 28;467(7319):1055-6.
在肿瘤组织中,证据确实比较少,但也有,参见
Cell. 2009 Sep 18;138(6):1083-95.
2. 看了你的所有帖子,感觉你的观点其实就是clonal evolution.但是我觉得你把
clonal selection和CSC绝对对立了.在肿瘤起始阶段,clonal evolution当然是起作用
的,足够的一系列突变导致某个细胞被彻底恶性转化,这个被转化的肿瘤起始细胞可以认
为是肿瘤的始祖,可能是CSC,也可能不是.如果该起始细胞是CSC,那么它就会发生self-
renewal和differentiation;在CSC self-renewal中,如果对称分裂,那么CSC就开始
expansion了,而非对称分裂,那么就会产生progenitor... 阅读全帖 |
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f**********e
发帖数: 1994 | 38 我所知道的 directed evolution 都是从我和湾区某公司
interview 的过程中学的。
directed evolution 的基本想法就像遗传算法一样，从一个
已知功能的蛋白出发，用一个 move set 给个他引进几个突变，
再看看你要的功能有没有加强。整个基本上就是个人择的进化。
它的优点是：你原则上可以完全不需要知道这蛋白的 structure,
interaction, 等等。你只需要优化最后的目标函数。整个
directed evolution 其实就是个工程优化算法，基本上很难失败。
这就是我说他不是虎烂的原因 -- it just works.
问题是：如果你要优化的是一个自然界没有的反应，你的初始蛋白
序列哪里来？通常大家还是要用 structure 来胡猜。这是第一个难点。
第二是：在第一步做功能筛选时，你需要一个够大的 randomized
set of sequences. 要多大？每一个 round 的 "evolution"
基本上都是以 local regression (partial linear regression)
决定的。如... 阅读全帖 |
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s********r
发帖数: 312 | 39 The standard neutral model and a selective sweep:
higher vertebrates do not have a high enough reproductive rate to support
rapid rates of beneficial evolution. It takes too many deaths to select for
new mutations.Kimura reasoned the majority of new mutations must be ‘
neutral’ The rate of neutral evolution could be much faster than positive
evolution, and would be limited only by the rate of DNA copying errors.
Since natural selection will not act on neutral traits, which do not affect
survival... 阅读全帖 |
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D*a
发帖数: 6830 | 40 最近，瑞士洛桑联邦理工大学和洛桑大学合作，使用机器人模拟生物基因在数百代间的
进化，阐明了生物学界持久争论的难题，也为汉米尔顿亲缘选择规则提供了数量证据。
该研究将于下周发表在开放杂志《科学公共图书馆—生物学》（PLoS Biology）上。
汉米尔顿亲缘选择规则于1964年由生物学家W·D·汉米尔顿提出。该规则认为，如果一
个家庭成员和其余家庭成员共享食物，会增加家庭成员把基因流传下来的机会，许多基
因是整个家族中所共有的。也即一个生物是否和其他个体共享其食物，取决于它和其他
生物基因的相似性。但验证这一规则的活体生物试验需要跨越上百代，数量过于庞大，
几十年来实验几乎不可能进行，汉米尔顿规则因此长期备受争议。
洛桑联邦理工大学的机器人技术教授达里奥·弗洛里诺小组设计了一种机器人，模拟基
因和基因组的功能迅速完成进化，使科学家能分析检测与基因特征相关的成本与收益效
果。
此前合作小组也作过类似实验，是用觅食机器人执行简单的任务，如推动如种子似的物
体到达目的地，将此过程多代进化。那些不能把种子推到正确位置的机器人不能留下它
们的程序编码，而较好执行任务的机器人能将自身程序编码复制、变... 阅读全帖 |
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D*a
发帖数: 6830 | 41 你以为你真的懂进化论？（五）
Evolution myths: Natural selection leads to ever greater complexity－In fact
, natural selection often leads to ever greater simplicity. And, in many
cases, complexity may initially arise when selection is weak or absent.
上篇博客中的那两个人，无论生多少孩子，都比不上任何一个细菌的孩子多。如果把后
代的数量当作成功的标准，那么他俩都是Loser。
可是，人们倾向于把人类看作进化的最高端，细菌则被认为是最原始的生命形态。换个
说法，人们倾向于认为进化的目的就是把生命越弄越复杂，这个说法是错误的。
进化有时候会把生命越弄越简单。比如，海星和海胆都没有脑子，但它们的祖先反而是
有脑子的，是进化把它们的脑子弄没了。
当然，如今地球上那么多形态复杂的生物也都是进化的产物。那么，进化的方向到底是
倾向于越来越简单，还是越来越复杂？
最新的理论认为，在... 阅读全帖 |
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s******y
发帖数: 28562 | 42 “Also to use convergent evolution to argue for evolution being directional does not stand”
我强烈反对这个论点。我觉得你们搞基因的人过于focus on 序列比较了.
基因的具体序列当然重要，但是，convergent evolution 正好说明了:
不管什么基因序列什么来源，表型（包括morphology)的进化 才是真正派上用场的东西所以是有方向性的。我上面举的章鱼，它的眼睛相关基因和人的眼睛相关基因完全不是一回事，你如果去比较他们的序列，那就会发现几乎没有什么homology。但是它们通过不同的基因组合，最后都得出了一个非常类似的“解”(solution) .如果完全否认里面的方向性的话，那得多么多么多么巧合才能“偶然”的在不同途径出现相似的解啊！
另外，我不明白你为什么认为convergent evolution 是rare event. 在我看来例子实在是太多了，根本就不"rare".
of
use
suggest |
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l**********1
发帖数: 5204 | 43 En
from not only Darwin theory as driving force:
ex software:
//evolution.genetics.washington.edu/phylip.html
but also Lamarck theory as driving force:
//necsi.edu/projects/evolution/lamarck/intro./lamarck_intro.html
ex software:
LAMARC - Likelihood Analysis with Metropolis Algorithm using
Random Coalescence
//evolution.genetics.washington.edu/lamarc/index.html
//evolution.genetics.washington.edu/phylip/felsenstein.html |
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l**********1
发帖数: 5204 | 44 上图 SD its means
下图 SEM its mean
Btw,
降低 bias 就可能 增大 SEM的 error 拿测量甲地 乙地 女子的身高来作为例子
乙地的 习格格 陈小丹格格 的 身高 岂是 甲地的 芙蓉姐姐 凤姐等的身高 一样容
易测到的 哈 (NB: 钻 北方 南方地域贴的 请左拐 进菌版八区 在那里撸管)
pls refer
Sanjuan R.
From Molecular Genetics to Phylodynamics: Evolutionary Relevance of Mutation
Rates Across Viruses
PLoS Pathog. (2012) 8: e1002685.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3342999/
its pp5 left column
>To reducing bias, this method
accounts for phylogenetic relatedness (on the other hand, it
in... 阅读全帖 |
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l**********1
发帖数: 5204 | 45 上图 SD its means
下图 SEM its mean
Btw,
降低 bias 就可能 增大 SEM的 error 拿测量甲地 乙地 女子的身高来作为例子
乙地的 习格格 陈小丹格格 的 身高 岂是 甲地的 芙蓉姐姐 凤姐等的身高 一样容
易测到的 哈 (NB: 钻 北方 南方地域贴的 请左拐 进菌版八区 在那里撸管)
pls refer
Sanjuan R.
From Molecular Genetics to Phylodynamics: Evolutionary Relevance of Mutation
Rates Across Viruses
PLoS Pathog. (2012) 8: e1002685.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3342999/
its pp5 left column
>To reducing bias, this method
accounts for phylogenetic relatedness (on the other hand, it
in... 阅读全帖 |
|
l**********t
发帖数: 5754 | 46
while there is nothing wrong of being a liberal arts major, my major is
biochem & molecular biol. IMHO, none of the areas you mentioned have a
direct depdenency on the validity of "evoltuion theory".
"一个新基因拿过来，可能有什么功能"this is clearly in the domain of biochem &
molecular biology, laws and theories of which are based on genetics/
chemistry/biophysics/stats, etc. not on "evolution theory".
"看看物种比较，看看同源序列" research at the molecular level may provide
evidences to support either "evolution theory" o... 阅读全帖 |
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l********n
发帖数: 260 | 47 Rank full journal title Total Cites IF
1 ca-a cancer journal for clinicians 18,594 115.84
2 new england journal of medicine 268,652 55.873
4 lancet 185,361 45.217
6 nature biotechnology 45,986 41.514
7 nature 617,363 41.456
12 nature materials 64,622 36.503
13 jama-journal of the american medical association 126,479 35.289
14 nature reviews immunology 28,938 34.985
15 nature nanotechnology 34,387 34.048
16 ... 阅读全帖 |
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m*****e
发帖数: 129 | 48 Rank Full Journal Title Total Cites Journal Impact Factor
1 CA-A CANCER JOURNAL FOR CLINICIANS 20,488 131.723
2 NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 283,525 59.558
3 NATURE REVIEWS DRUG DISCOVERY 25,460 47.12
4 LANCET 195,553 44.002
5 NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY 48,650 43.113
6 NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY 31,545 39.416
7 NATURE MATERIALS 72,306 38.891
8 NATURE REVIEWS MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY 36,784 38.602
9 NATURE 627,846 ... 阅读全帖 |
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c********n
发帖数: 225 | 49 【记录历史】谁重复验证了NgAgo？
项目 结题
date： 2017年8月2日
updated: 2017年8月4日
Note2017080401: added a few notable reviews/summaries
---------------------------------------
- NBT retraction note：
http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v34/n7/full/nbt.3547.html#correction2
原文引用
“Retracted online 02 August 2017
We are retracting our study because of the continued inability of the
research community to replicate the key results in Figure 4, using the
protocols provided in our paper. In this figure we report that the
Natro... 阅读全帖 |
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