C*****E
发帖数: 2679 | 1 经常看到“美国贫富差距比起多少年前大了多少，云云”
1. 支付转移。许多食物券，许多福利，比如穷人奶粉尿布，比如穷人上学的补贴，等
等，没有算在穷人收入内，因为他们不是实打实的现金收入。这些福利几十年前没有，
现在有了，但是贫富差距没法把这些福利收入统计进去。这些在IRS的税表上当然看不
出来。
2. 生产力的变化。50年前的快餐店员工，沃尔玛cashier，比起现在还是一样的skill
set，而50年前的码工生产力，知识储备比现在码工显然差远了。那废话，码工和
cashier的收入差距当然得加大。 | T*********I
发帖数: 10729 | 2 还有第三点: 此穷人非彼穷人。过去的穷人现在通过努力变富了。而现在的穷人是新加
入系统的。
skill
【在 C*****E 的大作中提到】
: 经常看到“美国贫富差距比起多少年前大了多少，云云”
: 1. 支付转移。许多食物券，许多福利，比如穷人奶粉尿布，比如穷人上学的补贴，等
: 等，没有算在穷人收入内，因为他们不是实打实的现金收入。这些福利几十年前没有，
: 现在有了，但是贫富差距没法把这些福利收入统计进去。这些在IRS的税表上当然看不
: 出来。
: 2. 生产力的变化。50年前的快餐店员工，沃尔玛cashier，比起现在还是一样的skill
: set，而50年前的码工生产力，知识储备比现在码工显然差远了。那废话，码工和
: cashier的收入差距当然得加大。
| a*********a
发帖数: 3656 | 3 他们是故意的啦。
用排除税收和福利的收入衡量贫富差距，要求加税，加福利。然后再用同样的排除税收
和福利的收入衡量贫富差距，一看，贫富差距没有改善嘛，就再加税，再加福利。
lather rinse repeat as needed.
参考：“The Mismeasure of Inequality” by Kip Hagopian and Lee Ohanian
，Hoover Institution， Stanford University
“includes most of the income items listed above and subtracts taxes 。。。
。。。 income inequality declined 1.8 percent during the sixteen-year period
between 1993 and 2009, when the Gini coefficient dropped from .395 to .388.”
http://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/123566
The U.S. Gini coefficient cited here comes from an annual report of the
Census Bureau, which uses what it calls “money income” in its measurement
of income inequality.2 Money income, which is the definition of income
typically used in public references to inequality, consists of cash income
only, does not subtract taxes, and excludes the value of noncash transfer
payments (such as nutritional assistance, Medicare, Medicaid, and public
housing), as well as many other components of income. In addition to
transfer payments, which are a substantial portion of income at the low end
of the income scale, some of the other missing components of income are:
employer-provided fringe benefits (primarily retirement benefits and health
insurance, which can amount to as much as 30 percent of income 3), capital
gains, imputed rent from owner-occupied housing, and increases in the value
of home equity. We believe excluding these items renders this measure of
income inequality relatively meaningless. However, since this measure is so
frequently cited, it is worth noting that during the 29-year period covered
by the cbo study, inequality of money income (as measured by the Gini
coefficient) grew only about 10 percent.4
Using a comprehensive definition of income provides a much more meaningful
measure of income inequality. The Census Bureau’s 15th definition5 is
superior because it includes most of the income items listed above and
subtracts taxes. Based on this more relevant definition, income inequality
declined 1.8 percent during the sixteen-year period between 1993 and 2009,
when the Gini coefficient dropped from .395 to .388.
skill
【在 C*****E 的大作中提到】
: 经常看到“美国贫富差距比起多少年前大了多少，云云”
: 1. 支付转移。许多食物券，许多福利，比如穷人奶粉尿布，比如穷人上学的补贴，等
: 等，没有算在穷人收入内，因为他们不是实打实的现金收入。这些福利几十年前没有，
: 现在有了，但是贫富差距没法把这些福利收入统计进去。这些在IRS的税表上当然看不
: 出来。
: 2. 生产力的变化。50年前的快餐店员工，沃尔玛cashier，比起现在还是一样的skill
: set，而50年前的码工生产力，知识储备比现在码工显然差远了。那废话，码工和
: cashier的收入差距当然得加大。
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