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发帖数: 4174 | 1 Frequently Asked Questions
Pedersen et al. v. Office of Personnel Management et al.
On November 9, 2010, Gay & Lesbian Advocates & Defenders (GLAD) filed
Pedersen et al. v. Office of Personnel Management et al. in Federal District
Court in Connecticut, a new challenge to the federal Defense of Marriage
Act and its mandated non-recognition of marriages of same-sex couples. This
new case involves 5 couples and one widower from the states of CT, VT and NH.
1. What is this lawsuit about?
This lawsuit challenges the federal government’s denial of marriage-
related protections in the areas of federal Family Medical Leave Act
benefits, federal laws for private pension plans, federal laws concerning
state pension plans, as well as the same core issues addressed in GLAD’s
earlier case of Gill v. OPM – federal income taxation, social security
benefits, and employment benefits for federal employees and retirees.
All of the couples and widower in question were married in their home
states, were qualified for a particular program, but were denied those
protections solely because of DOMA. Only married couples of the same sex are
singled out for federal non-recognition, depriving them of federally-
created economic safety nets that couples count on when they marry and that
help them take care of each other and their children.
DOMA creates a system of first and second class marriages, where most
receive all federal legal protections, but same-sex couples are denied all
protections across the board, even while taking on the responsibilities of
marriage.
In GLAD’s earlier case Gill v. Office of Personnel Management, the
Federal District Court in Boston ruled that DOMA Section 3 is
unconstitutional as applied to married couples in Massachusetts. That case
is now on appeal in the First Circuit Court of Appeals in Boston.
2.What is “DOMA”?
The “Defense of Marriage Act,” or DOMA, was passed by Congress in 1996
and signed into law by then-President Bill Clinton. The part at issue in
our lawsuit, codified in law as 1 U.S.C. section 7, is a “definition” of
“marriage” and “spouse” that applies to all federal laws and programs.
Under this law, “the word ‘marriage’ means only the legal union of a man
and a woman as husband and wife, and the word ‘spouse’ refers only to a
person of the opposite sex who is a husband or a wife.”
DOMA’s Section 3 operates to trump the state’s determination that a
same-sex couple is married and says, to the contrary, that they are not
married for purposes of all federal laws and programs. Accordingly, DOMA
requires all federal departments and agencies to disrespect the valid state-
licensed marriages of same-sex couples (but not marriages of other couples)
when dealing with federal legal protections in which marital status matters.
DOMA sweeps through the breadth of the United States Code. The General
Accounting Office issued a report in 2004 concluding that 1,138 federal laws
use marital status as a factor for specific federal protections, benefits
and responsibilities. The Congressional Budget Office also reported in 2004
that if same-sex couples married nation-wide, the federal government would
save $1 billion a year through at least 2014.
3.What is the legal basis of the lawsuit?
As in GLAD’s earlier Gill case, GLAD claims that DOMA violates the
Equal Protection Clause of the 5th Amendment of the United States
Constitution. In each of the states of Connecticut, Vermont and New
Hampshire, DOMA divides married couples into two groups, and then denies
only married gay and lesbian couples the protections otherwise typically
available to married couples.
For our nation’s entire history, the federal government has deferred to
a state’s determination that a couple is married for purposes of federal
protections and responsibilities. In 1996, Congress changed the rules when
it looked like same-sex couples would marry, and for the first time ever
created a federal definition of marriage for the purpose of excluding same-
sex couples from those federal protections. GLAD believes there is no
adequate justification for the federal government’s unprecedented non-
recognition of the valid state marriages of same-sex couples.
4.Who are the plaintiffs in the case?
The plaintiffs are five couples and a widower from Connecticut, Vermont,
and New Hampshire, who, solely because of DOMA Section 3, have been denied
legal protections for which they are currently eligible and for which they
have applied. They include federal and state employees and retirees, a
widower, and taxpayers. Two of the plaintiff couples are the parents of
children under the age of 18.
5.Doesn’t GLAD already have another lawsuit challenging DOMA in Massachusetts
? Why another case?
Yes, GLAD is on appeal in Gill v. Office of Personnel Management, in
which the Federal District Court ruled in July 2010 that DOMA is
unconstitutional as applied to couples married in Massachusetts.
Since filing Gill in March 2009, marriage has become a reality for same-
sex couples in several more states. While DOMA stands, more and more couples
– including those in Connecticut, Vermont, and New Hampshire – are
discovering the ways that they and their families are harmed. GLAD is
committed to educating the public about the range of harms imposed by DOMA
on married couples and using every available legal tool – including this
new lawsuit – to end its mandated discrimination.
6.What are some of the 1138 federal laws and programs?
* Social Security spousal protections that enhance a family’s
economic security while living in old age, or upon disability or death;
* Protections that enable one spouse to stay in the family home when
the other spouse needs Medicaid for nursing home care;
* The ability to have a family policy of health insurance, and also
to receive family health insurance from an employer without an added tax
burden that applies to the cost of coverage for unmarried families;
* Joint tax filing and deductions for married couples that can save
families money;
* Family medical leave from a job to care for a seriously ill spouse;
* Disability, dependency or death benefits for the spouses of
veterans and public safety officers;
* Employment benefits for federal employees, including access to
family health benefits, as well as retirement and death benefits for spouses;
* Estate/death protections that allow a spouse to leave assets to
the other spouse – including the family home – without incurring a tax
penalty; and
* The ability to sponsor a non-resident spouse for purposes of
immigration.
7.What is the remedy you seek?
As in Gill, GLAD seeks a ruling that DOMA Section 3 is unconstitutional
as applied to the plaintiffs in Federal Income Tax law, Social Security
benefits, and federal employee and retiree benefits. This case also
addresses DOMA’s invalidity in the context of the Family Medical Leave Act,
state retiree health insurance benefits regulated by federal tax law, and
survivor benefits in private pension plans under federal pension laws. GLAD
seeks a declaration that Section 3 violates the U.S. Constitution in that it
requires the federal government to disrespect a class of valid state
marriages in violation of equal protection guarantees of the 5th Amendment.
8.President Obama has said he supports the repeal of DOMA. Don’t you think
DOMA will be dealt with legislatively?
It should be. Despite President Obama’s support of DOMA repeal, and as
much as we should press the Congress to repeal it, a repeal is unlikely to
happen any time soon. Families are being harmed now, and we have the
constitutional tools at hand to challenge DOMA in the courts.
9. Is GLAD trying through this lawsuit to “export” marriage equality to the other states?
No. This case has no bearing on any state’s marriage licensing or recognition laws – whether those laws allow same-sex couples to marry or respect out-of-state marriages or not. Rather, it is about the relationship between the federal government and a class of people who are married by their own states. The suit asks the federal government to go back to respecting state determinations of marital status. This is not a case seeking a federal constitutional right to marry that would override any state’s marriage laws or amendments.
10.Will this case reach the Supreme Court, and when?
This case deals with important questions of equal protection and the respective roles of the states and the federal government. Those questions have consistently been part of the Supreme Court’s case load in recent history, and, therefore, the Court will likely see Pedersen as important if, indeed, it is brought to them at some point in the future. That may not happen, but if it does, it will certainly not be decided by the Supreme Court any earlier than 2013.
11. If you win this case, will it apply to married same-sex couples in other states?
A favorable ruling for the plaintiffs will apply to people living in Connecticut, Vermont and New Hampshire. If we win on appeal, the case will benefit more people in states that license or respect marriages of same-sex couples.
12. Who are the attorneys in the case?
GLAD’s legal team in Pedersen is led by Mary L. Bonauto and GLAD Legal Director Gary Buseck, with Staff Attorney Janson Wu and legal fellows Liz Monnin-Browder and Ashley Dunn. Co-operating counsel on the case include Jenner & Block LLP (Washington, DC), and Horton, Shields & Knox (Hartford), and Sullivan & Worcester LLP (Boston). |
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