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发帖数: 5554 | 1 最近在平行的查看四福音，在妇人膏耶稣的记载上路加福音和其他三本差别较大，比如
是膏的头还是脚，自己是逾越节的头几天等。貌似一个观点是路加福音记载的和其他三
本福音书记载的不是一件事，大家怎么看？ | x*********s
发帖数: 5554 | 2 http://www.tektonics.org/af/femanoint.html
The Gospels offer several stories of women who come to anoint Jesus. Some of
these are clearly parallels, but one seems not to be.
The parallel stories are found in Matt. 26, Mark 14, Luke 7, and John 12. It
is my argument that we have only two incidents reported, but by only two
different women -- Mary the sister of Martha (Matthew, Mark and John), and
an unnamed woman who was a sinner (Luke).
Some preliminary critical questions:
Is it likely that there would be two such anointings during Jesus' ministry?
Not at all unlikely. Keener [Matthew commentary, 618] reports that anointing
the head with oil was a typical banquet custom for honored guests. Mary
would have been quite in line with normal practices of hospitality to anoint
her own guest. The woman's actions in Luke were more risky (as we shall see
) but she would have been using a customary practice.
Why do the stories sound so much the same, if they are reporting different
events?
The simple answer to this is that the stories took on some of the same
characteristics during a period of oral transmission. We shall see, though,
that events reported to be the same are mostly events which would have to
accompany any anointing, whereas the details differ in ways indicating
different incidents. Furthermore, if there are only two stories, and Luke is
the "odd man out," this is what we would expect.
Where was Jesus?
Matthew -- in Bethany, in the house of Simon the leper
Mark -- agrees with Matthew
Luke -- a Pharisee's house, but no location is given; the Pharisee's name is
given later as Simon
John -- with Mary and Martha and Lazarus, in Bethany
Two points need to be made here.
First, it is assumed often that John 12 has Jesus at the house of the Martha
, Mary and Lazarus family. This is not said at all in the text. It is said
that Martha served, and that Lazarus sat at the table -- but was only one of
the people at the table.
This does not mean that it was all held at their household. Indeed, if this
is at the house of Simon the Leper, he would have to have had someone else
serve the food; as a leper he was ritually unclean and was unable to serve
himself, and likely had servants to do the job if he was holding a banquet.
One suggests that Martha was in his employ.
Second, how likely is it that both incidents involved a man named Simon?
Quite likely -- as likely as there being 19 men named Simon in the works of
Josephus. This was the name of one of Israel's tribes, as was Judas, Levi,
and other names popular at this time; Simon was also the name of a great
Maccabbean hero [Witherington, Mark commentary, 367n]. Jesus' apostolic band
had two Simons (Pete and Zealot) and three Jameses (brother of John, son of
Alphaeus, Jesus' brother). Josephus has 9 Jonathans.
Who was the woman?
Matthew -- no specifics are given
Mark -- also no specifics
Luke -- "woman in the city, which was a sinner"
John -- Mary, the sister of Martha and Lazarus
This fits in fine with the idea that Mary is the one in Matthew and Mark
doing the anointing. Why was she not named? Likely because until John wrote
his Gospel, to name her or her siblings would have endangered them with the
authorities. (Cf. John 12:10!)
What did she do?
Matthew -- having an alabaster box of very precious ointment, and poured it
on his head, as he sat at meat
Mark -- agrees with Matthew
Luke -- "...when she knew that Jesus sat at meat in the Pharisee's house,
brought an alabaster box of ointment, And stood at his feet behind him
weeping, and began to wash his feet with tears, and did wipe them with the
hairs of her head, and kissed his feet, and anointed them with the ointment."
John -- "Mary [took] a pound of ointment of spikenard, very costly, and
anointed the feet of Jesus, and wiped his feet with her hair: and the house
was filled with the odour of the ointment."
The similarities here are expected in light of historical constraints.
Ointment or nard (a type of ointment) was usually kept in alabaster bottles
that were specially sealed to prevent evaporation. The neck of the container
was broken and the ointment expended all at once. The feet and the head
were the normal targets for such attention, so that we have the same report
in that regard is not surprising.
The only oddity is that John mentions feet only, whereas Matthew and Mark
report the head only, and both report the woman's use of her hair whereas
Matthew and Mark do not. However, Witherington notes [John commentary, 207]
that the differing focus would serve a symbolic purpose in line with each
writer's theology: the anointing of the head symbolizes kingship, while the
anointing of the feet symbolizes Jesus' being glorified in death.
The wiping of the feet with the hair is not unusual either as it reflects "
the ancient practice of diners' wiping excess oil or other potable
substances from their hands onto a servant's hair." [208] It is not clear
whether this was done by Jesus' own request or by the womens' initiative.
What was the reaction?
Matthew -- But when his disciples saw it, they had indignation, saying, To
what purpose is this waste? For this ointment might have been sold for much,
and given to the poor. When Jesus understood it, he said unto them, Why
trouble ye the woman? for she hath wrought a good work upon me. For ye have
the poor always with you; but me ye have not always. For in that she hath
poured this ointment on my body, she did it for my burial. Verily I say unto
you, Wheresoever this gospel shall be preached in the whole world, there
shall also this, that this woman hath done, be told for a memorial of her.
Mark -- agrees with Matthew, though using different verbiage
Luke -- Simon wonders at this, and Jesus offers a parable about the
forgiveness of sins
John -- Then saith one of his disciples, Judas Iscariot, Simon's son, which
should betray him, Why was not this ointment sold for three hundred pence,
and given to the poor? This he said, not that he cared for the poor; but
because he was a thief, and had the bag, and bare what was put therein. Then
said Jesus, Let her alone: against the day of my burying hath she kept this
. For the poor always ye have with you; but me ye have not always.
This fits well if John, Mark and Matthew report the same event and Luke
another. John differs in focusing in on Judas Iscariot, from whom it is
clear he has a distaste, and reports a different part of Jesus' reaction.
In conclusion: We have only two anointings and two women here, and while we
have some differing focal points, we have no contradictions as such. The
variations we see are no less or more than we would expect from stories that
went through the process of oral tradition. (Though there are also signs,
especially here, that John at least knew Mark's account; see here.)
For more background, here is an extract from Greenleaf's Harmony on these
stories (Word document).
-JPH |
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