y*z
发帖数: 3244 | 1 南海飞机跑道的主要作用是“捍卫海南核潜艇基地”
香港《南华早报》7月24日文章
过去20年来，中国在南海的水下军事战略一直秘不示人。而在一家国际法庭对有争议水
域进行裁决后，它突然浮现。中国最先进核动力潜艇的照片本月“泄露”并登上内地多
家军事网站。外界猜测该潜艇或许能发射中国新一代洲际弹道导弹“巨浪-3”，据估计
其射程能从南海打到美国。驻澳门军事观察家黄东说：“我认为中方是有意泄露，目的
是警告美国。”
南海是最繁忙的海上贸易通道之一。但北京分外重视这处海域还有其他(可以说更重要
的)原因：北京将南海视为使本国潜艇舰队不受限制地进入太平洋水域的关键。中国正
不断壮大的潜艇舰队驻扎在海南的榆林海军基地。
东海也有一些水下通道。但水浅，因此潜艇容易被发现。而南海建有地下潜艇设施，可
通过隧道进出，从而使中国潜艇躲避掉美国侦察卫星的窥探。
驻北京的军事评论家宋忠平说，中国的长远目标是建立一支真正的全球性蓝水海军。”
榆林基地和南沙群岛的其他建设项目属“通过传统和非传统军事手段”全面掌控地区安
全的更大战略的一部分。他说，“中国会继续在南海推进海洋雄心，因为中国将其视为
一处促进军事扩充的堡垒。南海为中国成为真正的海洋强国提供了唯一的途径。”
南海的几处水下通道和海峡，还能使中国潜艇舰队突破美国的第一、第二岛链封锁。美
国试图通过两个岛链把中国海军禁锢在亚洲。《简氏防务周刊》6月份报道称，中国船
舶工业集团提议建立一个俗称“水下长城”的声呐监控系统，包括一个由船舶和潜艇水
面传感设备组成的网络，能大幅削弱美潜艇的水下优势，有助于北京控制南海。
悉尼大学美国研究中心研究员阿什利·唐森说，中国建水下网络和人工岛上的设施，“
若中国能利用这些设施，保护其潜艇不受来自空中、海上、水下和外太空的威胁，就可
能成功将(南海)变为其核潜艇的一处堡垒。”黄东说：“南海是保护中国进入印度洋航
线的堡垒，而永兴岛堪称一带一路倡议的桥头堡。所以，才会有那么多先进武器部署于
那里。” | p*a
发帖数: 7676 | 2 逻辑不通。中国独霸南海最好的结果不过是把自己困在南海打转转，周边一圈敌对国控
制了所有进出大洋的水道，中国海军还想自由进出第一岛链，那是做梦。 | a******o
发帖数: 16625 | 3 China’s Shoddy, Noisy Nuclear Submarines
Over the past two decades, the People’s Republic of China has made great
advances in its military capabilities. However, it still lags woefully
behind in developing nuclear-powered submarines. The problem for the Chinese
is that they lack the necessary quieting and propulsion technologies to
build anything remotely comparable to an American or Russian nuclear
submarine.
Even the newest Chinese Jin-class ballistic nuclear missile submarines and
improved Shang-class nuclear attack submarines are louder than 1970s-era
Soviet-built Victor III-class attack submarine or the Delta III-class boomer
, according to the U.S. Navy’s Office of Naval Intelligence.
In fact, even China’s forthcoming Type 95 will be louder than the Soviet
Union’s Project 971 Shchuka-B-class submarines — better know
by its NATO reporting name Akula I. Nor is it likely that the Type 96
nuclear-power ballistic missile submarine will be any better. Chinese diesel
submarines are, of course, another matter entirely.
But why are the Chinese lagging behind in nuclear submarines when they seem
to be advancing in leaps and bounds in almost every other field? I asked
several of the best U.S. naval experts why that’s the case.
Jerry Hendrix, a former Navy captain, director of the Defense Strategies and
Assessments Program at the Center for a New American Security had this to
say:
It’s a two-part answer. One, noise-quieting technologies is one area where
we have been particularly careful not to let out. Still, the Russians have
not made any prohibitions against sharing some particular technologies and
their export Kilos are pretty quiet so that leads you to the second answer:
The Chinese maritime manufacturing techniques are not yet adapted to
submarines. Their stuff is still pretty noisy. That’s all I can really go
into.
Bryan McGrath is the deputy director of the Hudson Institute’s Center for
American Seapower and the managing director of the The FerryBridge Group
naval consultancy. He’s also a retired Navy commander. He had this to say:
China’s nuclear submarine program lags other areas of its naval prowess for
two primary reasons. The first is that until twenty years ago, designing
and building nuclear submarines simply was not a priority. The second reason
is related to the first, and that is the fact that designing and building
nuclear submarines is an extremely difficult technical undertaking. That
they decided to feature nuclear submarines twenty years ago did not
instantly result in the requisite skills to effectively and efficiently
build them. These will take time, focus and very likely, a stepped-up
industrial espionage program to attain.
Bryan Clark is a senior fellow at the Center for Strategic and Budgetary
Assessments. He was a special assistant to the chief of naval operations and
was a Navy submarine officer. He offered his take:
Nuclear submarines have not been a priority for China, since the advantages
they offer over diesel or air-independent propulsion (AIP) submarines (
greater endurance, speed, and capacity) are not as significant for the
missions they have used their submarines to do, such as coastal defense
against enemy surface ships and surveillance.
Current Chinese diesel submarines like the Song are not as advanced as their
European counterparts, but they are effective in this role and appear to be
reliable enough for those missions; China’s Kilo-class submarines are able
to carry the very lethal SS-N-27 anti-ship cruise missile. China’s newest
AIP submarine, the Yuan, is reported to have modern combat systems and be
able to deploy missiles, torpedoes, and mines as well. The recent increase
in emphasis on nuclear submarines is coming as China attempts to increase
its reach and role in geopolitical affairs.
Today, they are developing an SSBN and a new class of nuclear attack
submarine in line with their effort to deploy a “blue-water” navy and
desire to have a second strike nuclear capability on par with other great
powers.
Andrew Erickson, an associate professor at the U.S. Naval War College and
frequent TNI contributor, summed it up succinctly: “One word: propulsion!”
“Submarines suitable for comprehensive blue water operations must be
nuclear-powered, energy-dense and quiet,” Erickson wrote recently for TNI.
“China has struggled in these and related areas. And it can’t simply draw
on its burgeoning civilian nuclear industry because the technologies and
skill sets are so different.”
China can’t use the lessons learnt on its civilian land-based high-
temperature gas-cooled reactors (HTGRs) because those systems lack the
energy density for naval applications.
This article originally appeared at The National Interest, where Dave
Majumdar is defense editor. | a******o
发帖数: 16625 | 4 China's pirate patrol submarine is too noisy, say naval experts
PUBLISHED : Sunday, 03 May, 2015, 4:40am
UPDATED : Sunday, 03 May, 2015, 4:40am
COMMENTS: 13
Minnie Chan
Minnie Chan
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China's recent deployment of a nuclear submarine for an antipiracy mission
in the Gulf of Aden may have caused unease among its neighbours, but naval
experts say the Type 091 vessel is unlikely to pose any real threat because
of the noise it generates.
The experts say the international community should instead keep an eye on
China's quieter, more advanced diesel-driven submarines.
CCTV's military channel last Sunday reported that a nuclear submarine from
the People's Liberation Army Navy had completed a two-month escort mission
in the pirate-infested waters of the Gulf of Aden, and returned to its base
in Qingdao , Shandong province.
The report did not specify the type of submarine used, but commentators said
the footage suggested it was an updated version of a Type 091 submarine.
It was the first time state media had confirmed China was deploying nuclear
submarines for anti-piracy missions in the seas between Yemen and Somalia,
although it had long been suggested by overseas media.
"CCTV's report … shows that the PLA Navy really wants to improve its
transparency in answer to US criticism [that it was not being transparent
enough]," Macau-based military expert Antony Wong Dong said.
"But the key reason that pushed the PLA Navy to increase its transparency is
because the Type 091 subs are so easily detected by the US navy, although
CCTV did not report this."
The Type 091, which the US calls a Han-class submarine, is designed to seek
out and destroy enemy vessels in deep waters.
A March 2007 issue of Seapower Magazine - an official publication of the
Navy League of the US - referred to such vessels as "relatively noisy
submarines based on 1950s and 1960s technology", although it admitted the
models had benefited from several upgrades over the years.
Belgian naval analyst Frederik Van Lokeren wrote on his blog that the Type
091 had "no combat value and can only be … used for training purposes".
But Beijing-based naval expert Li Jie said China had spared no effort to
reduce its noise problem, developing several improved versions over the four
decades since the first generation of the nuclear submarine was launched in
December 1970.
"The PLA Navy now has Type 092, and 093 and 094 ballistic-missile subs that
are more advanced than the Type 091 series," Li said.
"The navy's trials in the past two decades showed that Type 091 subs were
not as noisy as the US media described, although we should recognise that
the decibel level of the Type 091 subs is not as [low] as US samegeneration
vessels like USS Ohio nuclear subs."
Li said even though they were about 20 years behind US vessels, the Type 091
submarines still posed a threat to US aircraft carriers.
During the 1996 Taiwan Strait crisis, two PLA Navy Type 091 submarines
tracked two aircraft carrier groups led by the USS Abraham Lincoln and the
USS Independence. He said they pushed the US carriers back 200 miles.
Macau-based naval expert Wong said while China's more advanced Type 093
vessels had yet to overcome their noise problems, the PLA Navy's diesel-
electric submarines had achieved an advantage that could pose a significant
threat to the international community.
"China's diesel-powered subs have reached international standard … They are
equipped with air-independent propulsion and can remain silent during
underwater ambushes," Wong said.
In October 1995, a Type 039 Song-class diesel-powered submarine sailed close
to the USS Independence carrier group without being detected by the US navy
until it suddenly surfaced from the waters near the Taiwan Strait,
according to a documentary broadcast by Guangdong Satellite TV last month.
The elusiveness of Type 039 vessels has helped China increase its share of
the weapons market. Last month, Pakistan's media reported that the country
would buy eight such submarines for US$5 billion, making it China's largest
single sale of submarines.
This article appeared in the South China Morning Post print edition as:
Pirate patrol submarine too noisy, say experts | o***e
发帖数: 3526 | 5 你刚才不是还在讲毫无限制的自由通行权吗？这么现在调子就变了？
【在 p*a 的大作中提到】
: 逻辑不通。中国独霸南海最好的结果不过是把自己困在南海打转转，周边一圈敌对国控
: 制了所有进出大洋的水道，中国海军还想自由进出第一岛链，那是做梦。
| p*a
发帖数: 7676 | 6 自由是对等的，如果外军没有在南海的横行自由，中国海军当然也没有在世界各地包括
第一岛链各水道的横行自由。
【在 o***e 的大作中提到】
: 你刚才不是还在讲毫无限制的自由通行权吗？这么现在调子就变了？
| o***e
发帖数: 3526 | 7 公海上的横行自由都没有了？你还有常识没有啊？
【在 p*a 的大作中提到】
: 自由是对等的，如果外军没有在南海的横行自由，中国海军当然也没有在世界各地包括
: 第一岛链各水道的横行自由。
| p*a
发帖数: 7676 | 8 是中国首先侵犯了公海横行自由，所以它自然不配再享受这一自由。
【在 o***e 的大作中提到】
: 公海上的横行自由都没有了？你还有常识没有啊？
| o***e
发帖数: 3526 | 9 中国不承认南海是公海。中国的表述是中国对南海有历史性权益。这基本上就表明了中
国不承认南海是公海。但中国承认南海的航行权。你先说说有那个国家不承认中国在公
海上的自由航行权了？说出哪怕一个来么？你自己认为配不配，那不值半分钱。
【在 p*a 的大作中提到】
: 是中国首先侵犯了公海横行自由，所以它自然不配再享受这一自由。
| p*a
发帖数: 7676 | 10 他人的自由横行是公海的特征。中国既然不阻止他国在南海的自由横行，那就赋予了南
海的公海特征。那天中国胆敢阻止他国在南海的自由横行，哪天就是中国海军被关进第
一岛链的一天。
【在 o***e 的大作中提到】
: 中国不承认南海是公海。中国的表述是中国对南海有历史性权益。这基本上就表明了中
: 国不承认南海是公海。但中国承认南海的航行权。你先说说有那个国家不承认中国在公
: 海上的自由航行权了？说出哪怕一个来么？你自己认为配不配，那不值半分钱。
| o***e
发帖数: 3526 | 11 扯蛋，还是那句话，你先看一遍UNCLOS公海相关的条款再出来说话。不然怎么说都是现
眼。
【在 p*a 的大作中提到】
: 他人的自由横行是公海的特征。中国既然不阻止他国在南海的自由横行，那就赋予了南
: 海的公海特征。那天中国胆敢阻止他国在南海的自由横行，哪天就是中国海军被关进第
: 一岛链的一天。
| m**c
发帖数: 1012 | 12 这是最坏结果。最好结果是遏制住日本的贸易线，用战略空军威慑澳洲不要轻易选边，
吞并华人多数的新加坡作为桥头堡，控制东南亚华裔党做当地国家的傀儡，把东南亚变
成德国眼里的东欧。
[在 pta (pta) 的大作中提到：]
:逻辑不通。中国独霸南海最好的结果不过是把自己困在南海打转转，周边一圈敌对国
控制了所有进出大洋的水道，中国海军还想自由进出第一岛链，那是做梦。 | o***e
发帖数: 3526 | 13 说实话，真有那天中国有完全阻止他国海军在南海航行的能力了，这个星球还能有那个
国家有能力阻止中国海军在公海上的航行了？
【在 p*a 的大作中提到】
: 他人的自由横行是公海的特征。中国既然不阻止他国在南海的自由横行，那就赋予了南
: 海的公海特征。那天中国胆敢阻止他国在南海的自由横行，哪天就是中国海军被关进第
: 一岛链的一天。
|
|
