u****n
发帖数: 7521 | 1 印度为什么经常都放在中国的前面呢？老美很给印度面子啊！
http://www.cfr.org/publication/23776/new_cfr_book.html?cid=rss-
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New CFR Book: How American Innovation Can Overcome the Asian Challenge
January 11, 2011
As the United States struggles to emerge from recession, India and China's
continued robust growth is the subject of much interest and concern. In his
new book, Advantage: How American Innovation Can Overcome the Asian
Challenge, Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) Senior Fellow Adam Segal
analyzes Asia's technological rise, questions assumptions about the United
States inevitable decline, and explains how America can preserve and improve
its position in the global economy by optimizing its strength of moving
ideas from the lab to the marketplace.
Segal explains that Asia's growth has been fueled by its “hardware of
innovation”—growing middle classes that will eventually outstrip the
spending power of Americans, a cheaper labor force, more students studying
to become engineers, and increased money pouring into research and
development.
However, Segal maintains the region lacks a “software of innovation”—a
cultural, social, and political framework that enables and sustains new idea
generation. As an example, he cites a survey conducted by China Daily that
found sixty percent of graduates with doctorates admitted they had copied
someone else's work. “A member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, a
president of a university, and a member of the Chinese Academy of
Engineering were involved in prominent plagiarism cases, and all kept their
jobs.”
India's main problem, he writes, is a decrepit educational system. “A 2007
government study rated two-thirds of [India's eighteen thousand colleges and
universities] and found that 90 percent of the degree-granting colleges
were poor or middling quality.”
Through his research, Segal concludes the United States has an advantage
over Asia in the realm of the software of innovation. “In America, your
ideas can make you rich. Intellectual property is protected, and individual
scientists are able to exploit their breakthroughs for commercial gains,”
he writes. “It is time to realize that software in its most expansive sense
offers the most opportunities for the United States to ensure its
competitive place in the world.” The challenge is “to recover a culture of
innovation that was driven underground, overshadowed by sexy credit default
swaps and easy spending.”
Drawing the connection between national security, trade, and innovation,
Segal notes “For the United States, the basic equation is simple: economic
strength and national security depend on innovation, innovation thrives only
with openness, thus policies must defend and nurture openness.” Foreign
policy decisions should reflect this, especially with regard to foreign
investment in the United States and immigration access for scientists and
entrepreneurs.
Within the United States, Segal stresses that “cities and regions need to
think about where this comparative advantage lies, and how they can best
develop collaborative networks that support innovation. And while no single
overarching strategy can be applied across the country, the federal
government has a large role to play through the use of research support, tax
incentives for venture capital investments, collaborative R&D schemes, and
the joint development of intellectual property.” He cites Maine and Arizona
as examples of economies that are forming partnerships among universities,
government, and businesses, embracing emerging technologies, and welcoming
investment from around the world.
Segal offers six principles for encouraging U.S. innovation:
—The software of innovation must be open and collaborative. To this end,
the country needs to improve its policies on the flow of money and talent
into its borders.
—The software of innovation must be secure and stable. “The creation of
new knowledge is far more important to the security of the country than the
defense of any technological lead, real or imagined, it currently possesses.”
—Risk remains essential. “While risk takers drive change and growth, it is
not risk for risk's sake that makes their contribution so important. Rather
it is that risk takers generate new knowledge and companies.”
—There are no grand strategies, just local fixes. “We need an upsurge of
small start-up companies to reenergize the economy and to ground innovation
locally, as the big technology companies become more global and less
national.”
—Americans must all feel they have a stake in “user-driven” innovation.
Policymakers should work to “spread the pain of adjusting to change” and
demonstrate how openness will improve lives.
—The United States must be tightly linked to science and technology
hotspots in the rest of the world. It should turn its existing “vast web”
of collaborative connections into “a smart grid for the global system of
innovation.”
Segal argues that the emergence of India and China does not mean the end of
American economic and technological power. Instead, the United States should
now leverage its many advantages.
To order, visit www.cfr.org/advantage_book/
ADVANCE PRAISE FOR ADVANTAGE
“A well-reasoned antidote to gloomy views of American decline.”
—Joseph S. Nye Jr., Harvard University, and author of The Future of Power
“A fascinating, intelligent, and ultimately optimistic exploration of one
of the key challenges in American economic and security policy.”
—Ira Stoll, editor, FutureOfCapitalism.com, and author of Samuel Adams: A
Life
“This lucid, stimulating analysis shows why America's open, multicultural
society can make a significant contribution to innovation in the decades to
come..."
—Publishers Weekly
“A must for policymakers.”
—Kirkus Reviews
Adam Segal is CFR's Ira A. Lipman senior fellow for counterterrorism and
national security studies. An expert on security issues, technology
development, and Chinese domestic and foreign policy, Segal currently leads
study groups on cybersecurity and cyber conflict as well as Asian innovation
and technological entrepreneurship. Previously, Segal was an arms control
analyst for the China Project at the Union of Concerned Scientists. He has
been a visiting scholar at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's
Center for International Studies, the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences,
and Tsinghua University in Beijing. Segal is the author of Digital Dragon:
High-Technology Enterprises in China. He also writes for the blog, "Asia
Unbound," on CFR's website, www.cfr.org.
The Council on Foreign Relations is an independent, nonpartisan membership
organization, think tank, and publisher dedicated to being a resource for
its members, government officials, business executives, journalists,
educators and students, civic and religious leaders, and other interested
citizens in order to help them better understand the world and the foreign
policy choices facing the United States and other countries. Since 1922, CFR
has also published Foreign Affairs, the leading journal on international
affairs and U.S. foreign policy. CFR takes no institutional positions on
matters of policy. |
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