s****b 发帖数: 164 | 1 对药物设计是外行,找到一个潜在的药物靶点的蛋白,下一步是不是找structural
biologist做出三级结构?根据结构设计药物? |
a*****n 发帖数: 2835 | 2 根据结构设计药物成功率有HTS大吗?
【在 s****b 的大作中提到】 : 对药物设计是外行,找到一个潜在的药物靶点的蛋白,下一步是不是找structural : biologist做出三级结构?根据结构设计药物?
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A******y 发帖数: 2041 | 3 Currently there is no successful drug came our of either pure design or HTS.
Some refinements of known chemical identities to marketable drug have
happened but luck and some insight into the system in question still play a
huge role. |
m*********D 发帖数: 1727 | 4 most common path is still as following:
1. Assay development for HTS.
2.HTS to find leads.
3. Structure-related compound screening. These types of compounds come from
synthesis or library.
4. If crystal structure of the protein-small compound complex available,
more modificatinpon is possible. However, any compound will go back for the
assay.
5. Animal,clinical tests.
Some more potent or specific drug could come out directly from step 4 if the
protein-compound structure is available. Many lab in Chemistry here does
that. The use computer program to find a structure, and make the compound
and test. We went through step 1-3, and no step4 because we are not chemist,
and can not make any. With a good lead, funding is very likely.
【在 s****b 的大作中提到】 : 对药物设计是外行,找到一个潜在的药物靶点的蛋白,下一步是不是找structural : biologist做出三级结构?根据结构设计药物?
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s****b 发帖数: 164 | 5 根据结构用计算机设计出来的药物不少,
http://www.tri-ibiotech.com.cn/cases/n134.html
HTS.
a
【在 A******y 的大作中提到】 : Currently there is no successful drug came our of either pure design or HTS. : Some refinements of known chemical identities to marketable drug have : happened but luck and some insight into the system in question still play a : huge role.
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s****b 发帖数: 164 | 6 看来工程量很大啊,很有帮助,多谢
from
the
the
【在 m*********D 的大作中提到】 : most common path is still as following: : 1. Assay development for HTS. : 2.HTS to find leads. : 3. Structure-related compound screening. These types of compounds come from : synthesis or library. : 4. If crystal structure of the protein-small compound complex available, : more modificatinpon is possible. However, any compound will go back for the : assay. : 5. Animal,clinical tests. : Some more potent or specific drug could come out directly from step 4 if the
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m*********D 发帖数: 1727 | 7 是不容易。美国现在一个药从筛选到临床大约要一个billion,x这还不包括理论研究的
花销呢。我老板做了三十年的理论研究,到最后做到HTS,最后还是没有好的lead。现
在做的是另一条线,理论上他也做了二十年,才到HTS的。现在看运气,能走多远。和
industry比,我们这点研究经费能做的太少了。
生物从研究到产业化还是一件不容易的事情。做科研还只能适合那些没有养家糊口压力
的人。上了这条船,要下也不容易。:(。
【在 s****b 的大作中提到】 : 看来工程量很大啊,很有帮助,多谢 : : from : the : the
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A******y 发帖数: 2041 | 8 I won't cite a site that spells drug name wrong. If you look into those FDA
approved drugs, they are all have a lead molecule (already known or exist)
to work with or already exist in a HTS library (Gleevec). If you found a
new target and there is absolute no lead, you are in trouble. Btw, sometime
understanding the biology of the target will help because the substrate of
the target usually will give you some lead.
【在 s****b 的大作中提到】 : 根据结构用计算机设计出来的药物不少, : http://www.tri-ibiotech.com.cn/cases/n134.html : : HTS. : a
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s****i 发帖数: 5469 | 9 那个蛋白质要是没有晶体结构,还可以看看与它序列相似的已经有结构的蛋白质,用
homology model。不过包括HTS、fragment-based等在内的所有方法都不能保证一定成
功,运气成分很大。另外,你们测试活性用的assay弄好了没? |
A******y 发帖数: 2041 | 10 Big pharma don't spend their money wisely, their R&Ds are suffering from
completely lack of creativity, and they know this problem, too. That's why
they are cutting R&D programs one by one because it is cheaper and more
successful to buy off drug candidates from smaller companies (usually came
from academia), then supporting internal R&Ds. Some of the best selling
drug are from technology developed by a single lab (person), refined, and
taken up by pharma through clinical.
There is an article in C&ENews recently showed that successful companies
that produced an FDA approved drug today usually don't exist more than 5
years after because big pharma usually brought them out unlike 20 years ago.
【在 m*********D 的大作中提到】 : 是不容易。美国现在一个药从筛选到临床大约要一个billion,x这还不包括理论研究的 : 花销呢。我老板做了三十年的理论研究,到最后做到HTS,最后还是没有好的lead。现 : 在做的是另一条线,理论上他也做了二十年,才到HTS的。现在看运气,能走多远。和 : industry比,我们这点研究经费能做的太少了。 : 生物从研究到产业化还是一件不容易的事情。做科研还只能适合那些没有养家糊口压力 : 的人。上了这条船,要下也不容易。:(。
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|
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m*********D 发帖数: 1727 | 11 是,效率大公司是不行。但资源在他们手里。一个实验室连个好的library都买不起呢
。几年前,好像NIH搞了十个HTScenter吧。我们这里没有,学校后来搞了一个,但
compound有限啊。真的,学术界搞的都是运气。
我老板也和你的说法相似。美国真正聪明的还是在学术界,为诺贝尔讲奋斗。他也是十
年前在理论上走不动了,很不情愿改到筛药的。不知道还能走多远,我还指望经费才有
饭碗呢。
小分子的药物目前在industry不流行了吧?据说专利20年还不合算呢。你说的大公司砍
自己的R/D,买有苗头的小公司是真的。不少大公司在买之前还直接投资需要资金的小
公司呢。走到vc投资这一步都不容易。在两边海岸线相对容易得多,中西部还相当难,
没有这个文化。:(。
why
ago.
【在 A******y 的大作中提到】 : Big pharma don't spend their money wisely, their R&Ds are suffering from : completely lack of creativity, and they know this problem, too. That's why : they are cutting R&D programs one by one because it is cheaper and more : successful to buy off drug candidates from smaller companies (usually came : from academia), then supporting internal R&Ds. Some of the best selling : drug are from technology developed by a single lab (person), refined, and : taken up by pharma through clinical. : There is an article in C&ENews recently showed that successful companies : that produced an FDA approved drug today usually don't exist more than 5 : years after because big pharma usually brought them out unlike 20 years ago.
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W***y 发帖数: 563 | |
s****b 发帖数: 164 | 13 活性实验很简单,就是个luciferase assay
【在 s****i 的大作中提到】 : 那个蛋白质要是没有晶体结构,还可以看看与它序列相似的已经有结构的蛋白质,用 : homology model。不过包括HTS、fragment-based等在内的所有方法都不能保证一定成 : 功,运气成分很大。另外,你们测试活性用的assay弄好了没?
|
s****b 发帖数: 164 | 14 我觉得大制药公司最大的问题是没找到正确的靶蛋白,还得搞清楚发病的分子机理
whole picture先
why
ago.
【在 A******y 的大作中提到】 : Big pharma don't spend their money wisely, their R&Ds are suffering from : completely lack of creativity, and they know this problem, too. That's why : they are cutting R&D programs one by one because it is cheaper and more : successful to buy off drug candidates from smaller companies (usually came : from academia), then supporting internal R&Ds. Some of the best selling : drug are from technology developed by a single lab (person), refined, and : taken up by pharma through clinical. : There is an article in C&ENews recently showed that successful companies : that produced an FDA approved drug today usually don't exist more than 5 : years after because big pharma usually brought them out unlike 20 years ago.
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D*****y 发帖数: 95 | 15 同意midwestPstD前辈的观点,但我想做一些补充。
除了High Throughput Screening之外,其实还有两种drug design的方法, ligand-
based 和structure-based。前者是在你知道一个靶标有很多结合的小分子时,可以通
过一些软件(例如CoMFA)计算得到一个pharmacophore,然后去搜索具有这个
pharmacophore的其它小分子,再通过实验的screening assay,以期找到活性更好的
leads。
structure-based是指基于靶标的空间三维结构(真实的或homology modeling)进行
rational design,主要包括Virtual Screening,即使用一些软件针对蛋白的binding
pocket (active or allosteric site)进行商业化成百万上千万小分子的docking,
然后通过score和经验挑选排名靠前的candidates,买来做screening assay,筛选到
hit之后,再进行optimization。structure-based还包括,如果你已经拿到了小分子和
蛋白的complex structure,可以基于这个结构进行定向的optimization,这个目标更
明确,也更容易改造出活性更好的lead。
小弟不才,从事过几年的Computer-aided drug design 研究,主要是通过Virtual
Screening和In vitro assay来discover 靶标特异性的小分子,并且已经筛选到STAT3
,SENP2,human La protein等active compound。最近,我们针对一个epigenetic
enzyme已经拿到一个活性很好的activator,正在做cancer动物实验。如果有需要的话
,你可以联系我:[email protected]
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愿意为你略尽绵薄之力。
PS: 以上仅是个人鄙见,不当之处,还望大家海涵。
另,因为我是今天刚注册的账号,还没有发文权限,故拜托朋友Dikeboy
帮忙回复,在此非常感谢。我的mitbbs账号是zmhuang |
s****i 发帖数: 5469 | 16 是cell-based还是cell free protein only?如果是前者,和你合作的弄计算机辅
助药物设计的人可能会很头疼,最好是后者。
【在 s****b 的大作中提到】 : 活性实验很简单,就是个luciferase assay
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z******n 发帖数: 97 | 17 The most efficient way to identify a hit is to look at ligands biding to
similar proteins if no existing hits available, develop a robust assay and
design/synthesize some similar analogs to test, or buy a library which is
most likely very expensive. If you are lucky, you may end up with weak but
solid hits, however, the danger is that many molecules reported by academic
groups are covalently reactive, which may give false hit, and there is a
Nature review talking about this. Regarding computer drug design, it really
depends on how solid is the model, and most of the case, not very promising
for new target, as one said, you may use it to explain your results, or
expand your thoughts, but not a primary tool to identify hits. MOST
IMPORTANTLY, you may really want to talk to an experienced medicinal chemist
, not biologist on these issues. |
s****b 发帖数: 164 | 18 cell-based, cell free protein 是什么意思?
【在 s****i 的大作中提到】 : 是cell-based还是cell free protein only?如果是前者,和你合作的弄计算机辅 : 助药物设计的人可能会很头疼,最好是后者。
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s****b 发帖数: 164 | 19 很有见解,一定请教
binding
【在 D*****y 的大作中提到】 : 同意midwestPstD前辈的观点,但我想做一些补充。 : 除了High Throughput Screening之外,其实还有两种drug design的方法, ligand- : based 和structure-based。前者是在你知道一个靶标有很多结合的小分子时,可以通 : 过一些软件(例如CoMFA)计算得到一个pharmacophore,然后去搜索具有这个 : pharmacophore的其它小分子,再通过实验的screening assay,以期找到活性更好的 : leads。 : structure-based是指基于靶标的空间三维结构(真实的或homology modeling)进行 : rational design,主要包括Virtual Screening,即使用一些软件针对蛋白的binding : pocket (active or allosteric site)进行商业化成百万上千万小分子的docking, : 然后通过score和经验挑选排名靠前的candidates,买来做screening assay,筛选到
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s****b 发帖数: 164 | 20 很高兴看到这么多有见解的帖子,各位朋友如果对研发新药有兴趣的话,请加我微信,
imissthatsummer 互通经验,即使不做这方面,旁观一下也欢迎。 |
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s****i 发帖数: 5469 | 21 我表述得可能不专业,就是只用蛋白质和其它一些东西定量(in-vitro?),不需要
培养细胞。如果涉及到细胞就麻烦了,你的assay可能还是有信号,但可能是通过另外
的路径,不确定成分更大。比如前面有人说到的做docking,都需要找一个蛋白质来做
,如果你的药物分子是通过别的路径产生信号,不是你预想的那个蛋白质,这样
docking出的结果可能根本对不上你的实验结果,还不说docking本身存在的局限性。
【在 s****b 的大作中提到】 : cell-based, cell free protein 是什么意思?
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s****b 发帖数: 164 | 22 明白了,这个药靶是个转录因子, 测protein-DNA interaction需要培养细胞,做
LUCIFERASE ASSAY. 不培养细胞不知道怎么看转录活性。
多谢提醒:)
【在 s****i 的大作中提到】 : 我表述得可能不专业,就是只用蛋白质和其它一些东西定量(in-vitro?),不需要 : 培养细胞。如果涉及到细胞就麻烦了,你的assay可能还是有信号,但可能是通过另外 : 的路径,不确定成分更大。比如前面有人说到的做docking,都需要找一个蛋白质来做 : ,如果你的药物分子是通过别的路径产生信号,不是你预想的那个蛋白质,这样 : docking出的结果可能根本对不上你的实验结果,还不说docking本身存在的局限性。
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m*********D 发帖数: 1727 | 23 in-vitro, there are a few assays available now. You can use fluorescein
polarization assay as HTS, after verification of hits, 2 nd round you can
use cell-based luciferase assay to test whether your hits can penetrate cell
membrane and function in cells. With this route, people generally do not
question whether your leads target your protein or not.
As shouji mentioned, cell- based assay with reporter, compounds targeting
any protein in the transcription machinery, or even on the translation
pathway could show up in your assay. It is a big headache to figure out
where your hit is on. If your transcription factor is related to cell
viability, I would suggest you to use a viability assay, such as MTS., as
2nd assay. Cell-based assay will generate too many hits, roughly about 1 out
of 100. Cell viability assay might cut another 98 percent. By then you
might be able to study how the leads works.
Good luck!
【在 s****b 的大作中提到】 : 明白了,这个药靶是个转录因子, 测protein-DNA interaction需要培养细胞,做 : LUCIFERASE ASSAY. 不培养细胞不知道怎么看转录活性。 : 多谢提醒:)
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z*****g 发帖数: 2 | 24 如果是靶向一个酶的话,可以设计它底物的类似物,从而开发成底物竞争性的
inhibitor,像一些kinase的inhibitor都是ATP的类似物;即Mechanism-based
inhibition,共价和非共价结合的都有,academic groups 开发比较多。但这类
compounds选择性可能不好,对同类型的酶都或多或少有抑制作用。
另外,从已经报道的ligand去设计similar analogs,可能很难跳出别人compound的骨
架(scaffold),发文章的novelty或专利申请受影响。
如果是靶向protein-protein interaction 的话,尤其是你知道它们的complex
structure,以其中一个为receptor,另一个的peptide为ligand,不断优化(突变和/
或改变长度)这个peptide,使其达到活性达到最优;并且可以再对这个peptide进行化
学modification,提高其透膜性或水溶性。
zjianyun (Four) 提到的假阳性结果,是指Pan Assay Interference Compounds
吗?今年一篇nature COMMENT(PMID: 25254460)报道了一些常见的非特异性干扰性化
合物,例如,化合物本身聚成,发荧光的,和蛋白发生共价反应的等。并且列举了这类
化合物含有的干扰基团,以后碰上这种结构的compound,要保持警惕。
至于Computer-aided drug design(CADD),就我自己筛选过的6个蛋白,一般每个靶
标买100个左右的candidates来做实验screening assay,都得到了active compounds,
例如发现第一个Human La Protein的抑制剂,或者发现新骨架inhibitor(不同于已报
道的)。尽管如此,CADD确实有运气的成分,不能保证每次都能成功;但如果得到hits
的话,成本要比HTS低很多。现在很多药企都有做CADD的人,总归是会有一些帮助的。
做drug design,确实需要medicinal chemist的帮助,因为他们更懂得哪些改造哪些基
团可以提高活性,而尽量降低毒副作用。 |