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全部话题 - 话题: payloads
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d*b
发帖数: 21830
1
来自主题: Military版 - 很多人的军事知识太肤浅了
比如ICBM,现在更强调的是生存能力,比如MX这种导弹,射程再远,载具payload再高
,但破不了对方的防线,好比B52一样,实战中生存能力就很差--这其实也是吹的神一
样的MX最后落马的根本原因。
MX这种老老年的陆基导弹普遍对发射基地要求太高,所以虽然也是移动发射,但必须有
预设的固定阵地,这样的导弹第一波后就很难生存,更不要说发射后突破对方防线了。
现在ICMB强调的是海基或陆基无依托发射,中段变轨,即使有了这种技术,美国也不敢
对中俄这种核武国家动ICBM,因为你技术再先进也对抗不了对方的饱和攻击。从长滩发
射到中国要飞行20多分钟,这点时间足够射出N发DF31了。
m**c
发帖数: 7349
2
Currently, two CZ-5 vehicle configurations are planned for different
missions, with a maximum payload capacity of 23,000 kilograms (51,000 
lb) to LEO[1] and 13,000 kilograms (29,000 lb) to GTO
m**c
发帖数: 7349
3
Payload 不如 Falcon 9.报价不清楚
t***h
发帖数: 5601
4
USSTRATCOM Detects, Tracks North Korean Missile Launch into Space
U.S. Strategic Command Public Affairs
2/6/2016
https://www.stratcom.mil/news/2016/596/USSTRATCOM_Detects_Tracks_North_
Korean_Missile_Launch_into_Space/
OFFUTT AIR FORCE BASE, Neb. - U.S. Strategic Command systems detected and
tracked what we assess was a North Korean missile launch into space at 6:29
p.m. CST.
The missile was tracked on a southerly launch over the Yellow Sea.
NORAD determined that at no time was the missile a thr... 阅读全帖
f****t
发帖数: 15913
5
来自主题: Military版 - 咆哮者+F22/F35=无敌?
咆哮者机身体积和机载电源功率有限,可以用更大功率对抗,最终双方全瞎掉,其实米
格31平台很适合干这个,容积、payload比F18大多了,高度速度都有优势,改造一下对
抗咆哮者没问题,电子对抗早就不是什么新鲜事物了

测距离,这还有解吗?
大部分防空武器。
公里就可以干扰。打不到。(引进S400后能否利用相关技术增加射程?但射程一远,对
方有足够的时间关机,好像也不行)
91/KH-31反辐射导弹,最大射程110公里,LD-10反辐射导弹射程估计在70公里,前两种
我不知道是否可以空空打击,反正对地面雷达肯定可以。而LD-10应该可以空空打击。
但是我作战飞机必须接近咆哮者70公里内。可是对方护航的如果是F22,能答应吗?
更近的距离发射,比如50公里内发射,在离敌机30公里处,敌机关闭干扰,导弹启动自
身红外制导,才有可能击中敌机。
l******t
发帖数: 55733
6
来自主题: Military版 - Falcone 9爆炸视频
连payload一起干掉。nb
m**c
发帖数: 7349
7
来自主题: Military版 - 猎鹰爆炸,一龙反省?
Elon Musk is most comfortable on the cutting edge. From cars to spaceflight
to solar energy, it’s no secret that the entrepreneur likes to push the
envelope.
But the explosion of a SpaceX rocket last week raises the question: Is the
CEO pushing too hard?
A semi-reusable Falcon 9 rocket, one of several built by Musk’s SpaceX firm
to deliver payloads to the International Space Station, exploded during a
routine firing test at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station on Thursday. The
craft was slated to ca... 阅读全帖
f****o
发帖数: 4067
8
来自主题: Military版 - 长征5怎么还不发.
首发payload是啥谁知道.
m**c
发帖数: 7349
9
来自主题: Military版 - 长征5号payload
The rocket is slated to launch the Chang’e 5 lunar sample return mission in
2017 and three modules of the Tiangong space station: Tianhe, Wentian, and
Xuntian.
Read more at http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/china-successfully-tests-power-system-long-march-5-rocket/#E8h20IMEHZ2twhJJ.99
Z**R
发帖数: 1233
10
来自主题: Military版 - 长征5号首飞载荷可能超过14吨
转自 nasaflightforum
Re: LIVE: Long March 5 maiden flight - SJ-17 - WSLC - November 3, 2016 (12:
43 UTC)
« Reply #227 on: 11/03/2016 08:29 PM »
Quote from: Liss on 11/03/2016 05:16 PM
So YZ-2 added some 300 m/s in the first ignition.
Does this mean that the YZ-2/SJ-17 is heavier than 14000 kg CZ-5 is
capable to GTO? (In fact very doubtful.)
In fact the launch kit pages at 9ifly list YZ-2 mass as 12.0 t. With the
satellite, the CZ-5 payload in this launch could easily be more than... 阅读全帖
i***a
发帖数: 4718
11
床铺被吓尿了没。
https://www.yahoo.com/news/pentagon-confirms-russias-thermonuclear-submarine
-152420776.html
Pentagon Confirms Russia's Thermonuclear Submarine Bomb Is Real
The Pentagon has confirmed that a new Russian nuclear delivery drone is real
. The undersea drone, which carries an enormous nuclear warhead to destroy
coastal cities and military bases, was tested late last month. The test was
leaked by unnamed sources to The Washington Free Beacon.
Russia calls the system "Ocean Multipurpose Syste... 阅读全帖
D**s
发帖数: 6361
12
印度成功试射烈火5导弹,印网友:用来对付中国的
India successfully test-fires nuclear capable Agni-V
印度成功试射能携带核弹头的烈火5导弹
NEW DELHI: India tested its Agni-V intercontinental ballistic missile+ (ICBM
) in its final operational configuration from Wheeler Island off Odisha on
Monday, paving the way for its eventual induction into the Strategic Forces
Command (SFC) after user-trials.
The nuclear-capable Agni-V, which can even reach the northernmost parts of
China with its strike range of over 5,000-km, was test-fired from it... 阅读全帖
a***e
发帖数: 27968
13
来自主题: Military版 - SpaceX 复用的火箭发射成功了!
这东西还得观察
重用十次爆一次就不划算了
复用成本如何?
现在知道为了回收得浪费10%的payload

★ 发自iPhone App: ChineseWeb 13
C***J
发帖数: 7594
14
Now we know how Elon Musk plans to get 1 million people to Mars.
At a conference in Mexico today (Sept. 27), the SpaceX founder and CEO
unveiled the company's Interplanetary Transport System (ITS), which will
combine the most powerful rocket ever built with a spaceship designed to
carry at least 100 people to the Red Planet per flight.
If all goes according to plan, the reusable ITS will help humanity establish
a permanent, self-sustaining colony on the Red Planet within the next 50 to
100 years... 阅读全帖
h*********n
发帖数: 11319
15
来自主题: Military版 - 土鳖的长征5B实在是牛逼得很
很多人可能不了解,长5B是目前地球上唯一“一级半入轨”的火箭,也是可以预见的未
来里独一份儿。
所谓一级半,就是一级芯级上面直接放载荷,周围捆绑助推器算半级。判断一个火箭是
不是一级半的硬指标,就看火箭上的所有发动机在地面起飞时是不是已经全部点火,需
不需要扔掉一级以后在空中点火的二级发动机。
一级半构型,减少了一个容易故障的环节,极大的提高了可靠性
长5B两个煤油助推器分离的时候速度已经高达2700m/s, 芯级关机的时候已经达到入轨
速度,长达40米的芯级壳体整体入轨,以至于载荷分离以后,芯级发动机要再次启动把
自己送上坟场轨道。
这要是SpaceX来做长5的PPT,肯定又和F9一样,把整个芯级的20吨入轨质量都算近LEO
运力里了。“payload 50吨”妥妥的
当年类似构型的苏联能源号火箭,其实最终关机速度才6100m/s, 实际上是个亚轨道载
具。长5B是完成了能源号的遗愿。
最最最牛逼的是,一级半构型的火箭,因为要拖着20吨死重入轨,通常是非常影响运力
的。长5一级半构型居然仍然有25吨运力,不得不佩服CALT工程师的设计功力。
f****t
发帖数: 15913
16
【 以下文字转载自 Military2 讨论区 】
发信人: helloterran (hi you), 信区: Military2
标 题: 土鳖的长征5B实在是牛逼得很
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Tue Jun 6 18:15:32 2017, 美东)
很多人可能不了解,长5B是目前地球上唯一“一级半入轨”的火箭,也是可以预见的未
来里独一份儿。
所谓一级半,就是一级芯级上面直接放载荷,周围捆绑助推器算半级。判断一个火箭是
不是一级半的硬指标,就看火箭上的所有发动机在地面起飞时是不是已经全部点火,需
不需要扔掉一级以后在空中点火的二级发动机。
一级半构型,减少了一个容易故障的环节,极大的提高了可靠性
长5B两个煤油助推器分离的时候速度已经高达2700m/s, 芯级关机的时候已经达到入轨
速度,长达40米的芯级壳体整体入轨,以至于载荷分离以后,芯级发动机要再次启动把
自己送上坟场轨道。
这要是SpaceX来做长5的PPT,肯定又和F9一样,把整个芯级的20吨入轨质量都算近LEO
运力里了。“payload 50吨”妥妥的
当年类似构型的苏联能源号火箭,其实最终关机速度才61... 阅读全帖
C*I
发帖数: 4736
17
在中国大国和大手笔的财政支援和以色列的技术帮助下,印度的弹道导弹军工从1950年
开始算起,前前后后,持之以恒续续的搞了70年,到现在为止,研发出了三大独立系列
的,全天候,陆海空,短,中,长程/洲际型全部弹道导弹系列。
Prithvi Missile Series
Prithvi Missiles are tactical surface-to-surface short-range ballistic
missiles
大地导弹系列:中短程弹道导弹。 其中,大地—III,由两级火箭推进,射程为600公
里,可携带战术核弹头。现在装备印度陆海空各军种,具体数量古详。
Name Stage(s) Range Payload
Prithvi-I (SS-150) One 150 km 1000 kg
Prithvi-II (SS-250) Two 350 km 1000 kg
Prithvi-III (SS-350) Two 600 km 500 kg

Dhanush is... 阅读全帖
C*I
发帖数: 4736
18
来自主题: Military版 - 5000人打印度? 鳖开玩笑了!
在中国大手笔的财政支援和以色列的技术帮助下,印度的弹道导弹军工从1950年开始算
起,前前后后,持之以恒续续的搞了70年,到现在为止,研发出了三大独立系列,全天
候,陆海空,短,中,长程/洲际型全部弹道导弹系列。
Prithvi Missile Series
Prithvi Missiles are tactical surface-to-surface short-range ballistic
missiles
大地导弹系列
中短程弹道导弹。 其中,大地—III,由两级火箭推进,射程为600公里,可携带战术
核弹头。现在装备印度陆海空各军种,具体数量古详。
Name Stage(s) Range Payload
Prithvi-I (SS-150) One 150 km 1000 kg
Prithvi-II (SS-250) Two 350 km 1000 kg
Prithvi-III (SS-350) Two 600 km 500 kg

Dhanush is a s... 阅读全帖
d*b
发帖数: 4453
19
常识个屁,我不光给你当老师,我给你爹当老师都绰绰有余!
在中国大国和大手笔的财政支援和以色列的技术帮助下,印度的弹道导弹军工从1950年
开始算起,前前后后,持之以恒续续的搞了70年,到现在为止,研发出了三大独立系列
的,全天候,陆海空,短,中,长程/洲际型全部弹道导弹系列。
Prithvi Missile Series
Prithvi Missiles are tactical surface-to-surface short-range ballistic
missiles
大地导弹系列:中短程弹道导弹。 其中,大地—III,由两级火箭推进,射程为600公
里,可携带战术核弹头。现在装备印度陆海空各军种,具体数量古详。
Name Stage(s) Range Payload Prithvi-I (SS-150) One
150 km 1000 kgPrithvi-II (SS-250) Two 350 km 1000 kg
Prithvi-III (SS-350) Two 600 k... 阅读全帖

发帖数: 1
20
无人轨道飞行器X-37B
Data from USAF, Boeing, Air & Space Magazine,and PhysOrg.
General characteristics
Crew: none
Length: 29 ft 3 in (8.92 m)
Wingspan: 14 ft 11 in (4.55 m)
Height: 9 ft 6 in (2.90 m)
Max takeoff weight: 11,000 lb (4,990 kg)
Electrical power: Gallium arsenide solar cells with lithium-ion batteries
Payload bay: 7 × 4 ft (2.1 × 1.2 m)
Performance
Orbital speed: 28,044 km/h (17,426 mph)
Orbit: Low Earth orbit
Orbital time: 270 days (design)
h******k
发帖数: 15372
21
2017 has been a banner year for SpaceX, and this morning, the spaceflight
company added to their success by launching their 14th Falcon 9 rocket of
the year.
The SpaceX rocket launch took place at Vandenberg Air Force Base in
California with a payload of 10 Iridium satellites bound for orbit. The
Falcon 9’s first-stage rocket booster was recovered shortly after the
launch, landing safely on SpaceX’s Just Read the Instructions drone ship in
the Pacific.
This marked the third mission SpaceX has un... 阅读全帖
x****6
发帖数: 4339
22
好问题!
我能想到这么几种情况:
1. 在地球发射之初带足燃料,比如飞行器初重90%+是固体燃料,剩下的一点点才是
payload。所以可以在进入外太空后就抡圆了烧燃料。等质量喷完了,就差不多达到极
限速度。常规燃料不行,核燃料可不可以?
2. 在沿途扒到小行星或者彗星上采矿
b********6
发帖数: 35437
23
飞出太阳系的时候就是利用其他行星回旋加速的,在外太空不方便这样玩。燃料和计算
能力都有限制
[在 xiao86 (xiao86) 的大作中提到:]
:好问题!
:我能想到这么几种情况:
:1. 在地球发射之初带足燃料,比如飞行器初重90%+是固体燃料,剩下的一点点才是
:payload。所以可以在进入外太空后就抡圆了烧燃料。等质量喷完了,就差不多达到极
:限速度。常规燃料不行,核燃料可不可以?

发帖数: 1
24
来自主题: Military版 - 203口径也没多大威力啊
That's a 35 kg projectile, which leaves the muzzle with 115 megajoules and
arrives with 50 megajoules. I expect it'll punch through about 2 kg/cm^2 of
material when it arrives, which is about 8 meters of concrete.
https://www.quora.com/How-does-the-US-Navy-rail-gun-work-That-must-need-an-
insane-instantaneous-current-How-do-they-get-that-How-do-they-keep-it-from-
melting
貌似能量不少。
但是好像只对hard target有用。
For example, a rail gun projectile hitting a hard target like a tank or
concrete bunker will und... 阅读全帖
w***n
发帖数: 2474
25
来自主题: Military版 - musk的火箭是超多并联
美粉们来说说看,一辆跑车的payload如何来证明发射载体是最强火箭。

发帖数: 1
26
来自主题: Military版 - 卫星也不便宜,万一出事了咋办
一个噱头
dummy payload要求肯定很严
那辆车电池啥的估计都拆掉了
就剩下空壳加上铅块配重
S*****i
发帖数: 3374
27
payload差那么多还好意思比?
w*p
发帖数: 16484
28
falcon heavy官方数据发射到火星的payload是16.8吨,这次发射的tesla 重1.3吨,所
以一下射过了。
S*****i
发帖数: 3374
29
煞笔,你payload不行,举都举不起来,还射,射地上吧
w*p
发帖数: 16484
30
来自主题: Military版 - 怕砸坏老乡的屋子
falcon发射价格是6千万刀,妈的一个整流罩就10%的价格,还没算回收整流罩损失的
payload的价值。
w*p
发帖数: 16484
31
来自主题: Military版 - 特斯拉CEO埃隆
22吨是expandable version的LEO payload,可回收版的应该比这个少
w*p
发帖数: 16484
32
来自主题: Military版 - 特斯拉CEO埃隆
falcon heavy GTO payload,普通版是21吨,可回收版是6.4吨
a***e
发帖数: 27968
33
来自主题: Military版 - 特斯拉CEO埃隆
这个太扯了吧
FT9可回收是6吨的样子GTO
heavy哪至于
丫这次heavy扯淡在于FT9一个打那个汽车也能到那个轨道
其他俩就是伴飞表演的,助推个鸟蛋


: falcon heavy GTO payload,普通版是21吨,可回收版是6.4吨


发帖数: 1
34
来自主题: Military版 - “particularly
Payload adapters usually provided by
launch companies, not satellite manufacturers.哈哈,这一句
x******g
发帖数: 33885
35
来自主题: Military版 - 地对舰导弹YJ-12B有效射程295海里
地对舰导弹YJ-12B有效射程295海里
HQ-9B地对空导弹射程160海里
The Chinese land-based anti-ship cruise missile is believed to be the YJ-12B
, which would allow China to strike surface vessels within 295 nautical
miles of the reefs. The long-range surface-to-air missiles are the HQ-9B,
which can engage targets at ranges of 160 nautical miles. Intelligence
assessments say the missile platforms were moved to the outposts in the
Spratly Islands within the past 30 days, according to sources who spoke to
CNBC on the conditio... 阅读全帖
c*********d
发帖数: 9770
36
来自主题: Military版 - 袁岚峰 中国科学技术大学
https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/36982992
袁岚峰
中国科学技术大学 微尺度物质科学国家实验室副研究员
关注风云之声提升思维层次
解读科学,洞察本质
戳穿忽悠,粉碎谣言
导读
联想2年前5G编码标准投票的历史被重提,“联想导致华为在投票中输给高通”成为群
众关注焦点。本文希望能还原一些事件真相,3GPP不存在所谓的投票定输赢的机制。联
想第二次会议中的异常行为对会议进程没有任何影响,并非华为方案没有通过的原因。
——————————————————————————————————————
联想2年前5G编码标准投票的历史,被旧事重提,“联想导致华为在投票中输给高通”
成为群众关注焦点。在中美正在进行贸易战与技术战争的背景下,联想受到了很大的舆
论压力,创始人柳传志都出来公开发声。
其实5G编码2016年底就有新闻,当时的说法是华为与西方列强斗争,主导的Polar码成
功成为国际编码标准。有一些了解技术的人还出来辟谣,说不是这回事,Polar码不是
华为发明的,也没有象吹的那样打败了对手。没想到2018年又被翻出来,但是说法却反
过来了,说华为5G编码之争... 阅读全帖
L*****d
发帖数: 5093
37
来自主题: Military版 - “saving face”
If a trade war were to escalate, the fragile balance in the Chinese economy
could be tipped, and we may very well experience a second Asian crisis
While the sell-off in currencies of emerging markets with insufficient
foreign exchange (forex) reserves and wide current account deficits — such
as the Argentine peso and the Turkish lira — is still picking up steam,
there is relative calm in China. The yuan is trading well off its recent
multi-year lows.
On the surface, the yuan has plenty of forex ... 阅读全帖

发帖数: 1
38
【 以下文字转载自 Automobile 讨论区 】
发信人: stonne (游荡), 信区: Automobile
标 题: Pickup讨论, 三大pickup的区别在哪里?
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Sun Aug 26 13:21:14 2018, 美东)
对于皮卡,一直没有太明白区别在哪里,希望懂的指点一下
Ram 1500, F150, chvy 或者GMC 皮卡
我个人希望的功能,
Crew cab, 4x4, 6 seats, rambox, air suspension, rear step on.
我知道的
Ram,有Rambox,我的最爱;有air suspension, 但是去店里看过,说没有同时有这两
项的。
另外,6 seat只有低配有,高配只有5 seats
2019已经有全景摄像了,很方便!
GMC或则chevy,
2019号称多功能的tailgate, 确实不错,但是作为整车卖点好像本末倒置。
F150
铝后斗,但是容易破;后悬挂号称2级(Raptor)是不是多少有点空气悬挂的感觉!但是
还是很高!
其它细节,payload,和 towing... 阅读全帖
w********2
发帖数: 632
39
Network Discovery
A single-packet probe to the UDP IPMI service on port 623 is is an
especially fast way of discovering BMCs on the network. The following
examples demonstrates the use of the Metasploit Framework's ipmi_version
module to identify local BMCs. The reply indicates whether the device
supports version 1.5 or 2.0 and what forms of authentication are supported.
$ msfconsole
=[ metasploit v4.7.0-dev [core:4.7 api:1.0]
-- --=[ 1119 exploits - 638 auxiliary - 179 post
-- --=[ 309 pa... 阅读全帖
w********2
发帖数: 632
40
IPMI Authentication Bypass via Cipher 0
Dan Farmer identified a serious failing of the IPMI 2.0 specification,
namely that cipher type 0, an indicator that the client wants to use clear-
text authentication, actually allows access with any password. Cipher 0
issues were identified in HP, Dell, and Supermicro BMCs, with the issue
likely encompassing all IPMI 2.0 implementations. It is easy to identify
systems that have cipher 0 enabled using the ipmi_cipher_zero module in the
Metasploit Framework... 阅读全帖
w********2
发帖数: 632
41
IPMI 2.0 RAKP Authentication Remote Password Hash Retrieval
More recently, Dan Farmer identified an even bigger issue with the IPMI 2.0
specification. In short, the authentication process for IPMI 2.0 mandates
that the server send a salted SHA1 or MD5 hash of the requested user's
password to the client, prior to the client authenticating. You heard that
right - the BMC will tell you the password hash for any valid user account
you request. This password hash can broken using an offline brutefor... 阅读全帖
w*********r
发帖数: 42116
42
这就是为什么真正干活儿的人的PICKUP可简陋了,都选regular cab。降低curb weight
,增加payload。
a*******m
发帖数: 14194
43
你搞这种payload的弯弯绕有个屌意思呀?
30万吨的油轮都有,长江上跑不开而已
T*******i
发帖数: 805
44
https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2005/12/if-you-shoot-a-bomb-will-it-
explode.html
It depends on the explosive. Some bomb materials are highly sensitive to
impact; if you shoot a gun at a stick of dynamite, for example, there’s a
good chance you’ll set it off. Others are less susceptible to gunfire. The
military tries to make its explosives as durable as it can, since you don’t
want soldiers blowing up from the impact of a single bullet. A block of C4
plastic explosive can withstand a rifle s... 阅读全帖

发帖数: 1
45
而且看了三哥网站
我第一感觉是自己没学过英语
炸就炸呗,还tm release payload
我就擦了
所南们,这就是你们永远也搞不过三哥的原因
p***n
发帖数: 17190
46
来自主题: Military版 - 台湾20倍价格买美国毒刺导弹
1986 FIM 92A 賣 $85120
這次賣台灣的是 FIM92E
http://www.astronautix.com/s/stingerfim-92a.html
American surface-to-air missile. Replacement for Redeye.
AKA: FIM-92A;Stinger. Status: Operational 1981. Payload: 1.80 kg (3.90 lb).
Gross mass: 14 kg (30 lb). Height: 1.52 m (4.98 ft). Diameter: 0.0600 m (0.
1960 ft). Span: 0.0900 m (0.2950 ft).
Maximum speed: 2260km/hr. 30 m minimum altitude. Total Production Built 51,
564; Development Cost $ 214,700,000; Recurring Price $ 76,000; Flyaway Unit
Cost $ 76,000... 阅读全帖
L*********s
发帖数: 3063
47
来自主题: Military版 - 又发现一个登月马甲:Moon Express
By 2012, Moon Express had 20 employees
In July 2018, Moon Express was unable to make payroll and laid off nine
employees; the employees did not receive back-pay until October 2018.
On November 29, 2018 Moon Express was awarded a Commercial Lunar Payload
Services contract by NASA.
t*n
发帖数: 14458
48
人数是我错了
不过人家波音707 max payload能飞将近7000公里,比运十远了快一倍
你觉得囊中羞涩的民航应该买什么?挖煤缝袜子跟民航有个鸟关系?当年民航
跟英国人索赔了370万米刀就是不得了的一笔钱。以为是现在钱多得烧手呢?
整个航空经费1/3给了运十就整出这么个玩意,别的搞不搞了?北边苏修虎视眈眈,
天朝连歼七斗没几架。

谁告诉你运十比波音707少拉一百人?运十要是“瞎扔钱”的话,你到说说看什么不是
“瞎扔钱”?挖煤还是缝袜子?
s****r
发帖数: 31686
49
来自主题: Military2版 - falcon9 飞了 美帝威武
看了一下, falcon9 平均比 长征 payload/总重量 效率高大约1/4, 确实厉害
而且就那么一个小团队, 靠
s****r
发帖数: 31686
50
来自主题: Military2版 - 这个还行, 火箭发射费用
The costs of using a well-tested system to launch payloads are high. Prices
range from about $4,300/kg for a Proton launch[1] to about US$40,000/kg for
a Pegasus launch (2004).[2][3] Some systems under development, such as new m
embers of the Long March CZ-2E, offer rates as low as $5,000/kg, but in betw
een 1988-1998 had failure rates close to 30% [4]. Various systems that have
been proposed have offered even lower rates, but have failed to get sufficie
nt funding (Roton; Sea Dragon), remain un
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