k**t
发帖数: 1108 | 1 看了 Muslim 的帖子，想起来一个朋友，喜欢中文，英文，德文轮番滚，犹如大杂锅。要理解他的全话，只有类似背景才行。
去年在新疆的时候，我嘲笑他给祖国 jian 听部门增加工作难度。哈哈。 | l****i
发帖数: 20439 | 2 前两天刚读过一篇文章 挺有意思的
http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/330/6002/332
。要理解他的全话，只有类似背景才行。
【在 k**t 的大作中提到】
: 看了 Muslim 的帖子，想起来一个朋友，喜欢中文，英文，德文轮番滚，犹如大杂锅。要理解他的全话，只有类似背景才行。
: 去年在新疆的时候，我嘲笑他给祖国 jian 听部门增加工作难度。哈哈。
| k**t
发帖数: 1108 | 3 no access to the full text.
只看了下摘要，
【在 l****i 的大作中提到】
: 前两天刚读过一篇文章 挺有意思的
: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/330/6002/332
:
: 。要理解他的全话，只有类似背景才行。
| x*r
发帖数: 11073 | 4 Social Science:
The Benefits of Multilingualism
Jared Diamond
Geography Department, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
90095-1524, USA.
E-mail: j******[email protected]
Multilingualism—the ability to understand and speak several languages—is
exceptional in the United States but common elsewhere, especially in small-
scale traditional societies. For instance, once while I was camped with some
New Guinea Highlanders conversing simultaneously in several local languages
, I asked each man to name each language in which he could converse. It
turned out that everyone present spoke at least 5 languages, and the
champion was a man who spoke 15. What are the cognitive effects of such
multilingualism? Recent studies (1–5) show that children raised bilingually
develop a specific type of cognitive benefit during infancy, and that
bilingualism offers some protection against symptoms of Alzheimer's dementia
in old people.
Competing inputs. A typical moment in the life of a typical Science
reader, who is simultaneously processing various sensory inputs with his
eyes, ears, nose (the smell of the food), skin touch receptors (the friend's
handshake, the briefcase being held), and proprioreceptors (the cramp in
his leg), and having competing thoughts. Depending on the circumstances, any
one of those stimuli or thoughts may warrant full attention. Recent studies
suggest that multilingual people may have an advantage over monolinguals in
sifting and managing these distracting stimuli.
CREDIT: JOE SUTLIFF/WWW.CDAD.COM/JOE
Bilingual education is politically controversial in the United States. Even
immigrants whose native language is not English often believe that their
children should learn only English and will be confused by learning two
languages simultaneously. Until the 1960s, research appeared to show that
bilingual children acquired language more slowly than monolingual children
and achieved smaller vocabularies. But other variables correlated with
bilingualism in those early studies, such as schooling and parental
socioeconomic status, confounded their interpretation. More recent studies,
comparing subjects matched for those other variables, have found bilinguals
and monolinguals to be largely similar in cognition and language processing
(6–8).
The clearest difference identified by these studies involves an advantage
that bilinguals have over monolinguals, rather than a disadvantage. Our
minds are assaulted by varied sights, sounds, and other external sensory
inputs, plus thoughts and proprioreceptive sensations (which make us aware
of the relative positions of our own body parts) (see the figure). To
succeed in doing anything at all, we must temporarily inhibit 99% of those
inputs and attend to just 1% of them, and the appropriate choice varies with
the circumstances. That selective attention involves a set of processes,
termed executive function, that reside in the prefrontal cortex and develop
especially over the first 5 years of life (9).
Multilingual people have a special challenge involving executive function.
Monolinguals hearing a word need only compare it with their single stock of
arbitrary phoneme (sound) and meaning rules, and when uttering a word they
draw it from that single stock. But multilinguals must keep several stocks
separate. For instance, on hearing the phonemes b-u-rr-o, a Spanish/Italian
bilingual instantly interprets them to mean either "donkey," if the context
is Spanish, or "butter," if the context is Italian. Multilinguals
participating in a multilingual conversation, like my New Guinea Highland
friends or shop assistants in Scandinavian department stores, switch
frequently and unpredictably between their stocks of phoneme/meaning rules.
As a result, multilinguals have constant unconscious practice in using the
executive function system.
Recent studies assess this ability by assigning to subjects game-like tasks
designed to be confusing, either because the task rules change unpredictably
, or because the task presents misleading cues that must be ignored (1–3, 7
, 8). For instance, children are shown cards depicting either a rabbit or a
boat, colored either red or blue, with or without a star. If the card has a
star, the children must sort cards by color; if a star is absent, they must
instead sort cards by the object depicted. It turns out that monolingual and
bilingual subjects are equally successful if the rule remains the same from
trial to trial (e.g., "sort by color"), but monolinguals have more
difficulty than bilinguals at accommodating to a switch in rules. Although
success at these games won't by itself make one rich or happy, our lives are
full of other misleading information and rule changes. If bilinguals'
advantage over monolinguals in these games also applies to real-life
situations, that could be useful for bilinguals.
While this superior executive function has been reported for bilinguals of
all ages, results for the youngest and the oldest subjects are of particular
interest. Kovács and Mehler (4, 5) tested confusing game tasks on "
monolingual" infants and "crib bilingual" infants—i.e., infants reared from
birth to hear and eventually to speak two languages, because mother and
father speak to the infant in different languages. It might seem meaningless
to describe infants who cannot speak as monolingual or bilingual. Actually,
infants learn to discriminate the sounds of the language or languages heard
around them and to ignore sound distinctions not heard around them. For
instance, Japanese infants lose, and English infants retain, the ability to
discriminate the liquid consonants l and r, which the Japanese language does
not distinguish.
How can one test responses to speech by those preverbal infants? Kovács and
Mehler (4, 5) devised a clever protocol in which infants looked for
pictures of a puppet appearing on the left side of a computer screen. The
infants were conditioned to anticipate the puppet by first hearing a
nonsense trisyllable (e.g., "lo-lo-vu"). Within nine trials, both
monolingual and bilingual infants learned to look toward the screen's left
side when they heard that trisyllable. But when Kovács and Mehler changed
the rules and made the puppet appear on the screen's right side after
broadcasting a different trisyllable, the "bilingual" infants unlearned
their previous lesson and learned the new response within six more trials.
In contrast, the "monolingual" infants couldn't learn the new response even
after nine trials. Evidently, shifting frequently and unpredictably between
hearing two parental languages made "bilingual" infants better able to cope
with other unpredictable rule changes.
Do these findings suggest that bilinguals have an advantage over
monolinguals in negotiating our confusing world of changing rules, and not
merely in the task of discriminating lo-lo-vu from lo-vu-lo? You readers may
demand evidence of more tangible benefits before you commit yourselves to
babbling in two different languages to your infant children. Hence, you may
be more impressed by recent results suggesting a protective effect of
lifelong bilingualism against symptoms of Alzheimer's disease (10). Among
hundreds of elderly Canadian patients with a probable Alzheimer's diagnosis,
bilingual patients showed their first symptoms at an age 5 years older than
did monolingual patients matched in other respects. Canadian life
expectancy is 79, hence a 5-year delay for people in their 70's translates
into a 47% decreased probability that they will develop Alzheimer's symptoms
at all before they die.
How might this be? A short answer is the aphorism, "Use it or lose it."
Exercising body systems improves their function; not exercising them lets
their function deteriorate. That's why athletes and musicians practice. It's
also why Alzheimer's patients are encouraged to play brain-challenging
games like bridge or to solve Sudoku puzzles. But bilingualism is arguably
the most constant practice possible for the brain. Whereas even a Sudoku
fanatic can spend only a fraction of a day on Sudoku puzzles, bilinguals
impose extra exercise on their brain every minute of their waking hours.
Consciously or unconsciously, the bilingual brain constantly has to decide:
Shall I think, speak, or interpret sounds spoken to me according to the
arbitrary rules of language A or language B?
There are other unanswered questions. If one extra language offers some
protection, do two extra languages offer more protection? If so, is the
relationship between protection and number of extra languages linear,
sublinear, or supralinear? For example, if bilinguals get 5 years of
protection from their one extra language, do Scandinavian shop assistants
speaking five languages also get just 5 years of protection, or do they get
5 x 4 = 20 years of protection? If you, alas, were not raised as a crib
bilingual, will learning a second language in school let you catch up? Do
bilinguals' advantages in coping with rule changes and confusing cues extend
beyond trivial game tasks to real-life situations, such as school success
and understanding other peoples' mental states? What neural mechanisms
underlie bilingualism's reported protection against Alzheimer's symptoms?
These questions will be of theoretical interest to linguists, and of
practical interest to parents wondering how best to raise their children.
References
1. E. Bialystok, Dev. Psychol. 46, 93 (2010). [CrossRef] [Web of Science] [
Medline]
2. E. Bialystok, X. Feng, Brain Lang. 109, 93 (2009). [CrossRef] [Web of
Science] [Medline]
3. E. Bialystok, M. Viswanathan, Cognition 112, 494 (2009). [CrossRef] [Web
of Science] [Medline]
4. A. M. Kovács, J. Mehler, Science 325, 611 (2009).[Abstract/Free Full
Text]
5. A. M. Kovács, J. Mehler, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106, 6556 (2009).
[Abstract/Free Full Text]
6. E. Bialystok, Bilingualism and Development (Cambridge Univ. Press, New
York, 2001).
7. S. M. Carlson, A. N. Meltzoff, Dev. Sci. 11, 282 (2008). [CrossRef] [Web
of Science] [Medline]
8. A. Costa, M. Hernández, N. Sebastián-Gallés, Cognition 106, 59 (2008).
[CrossRef] [Web of Science] [Medline]
9. T. Shallice, From Neuropsychology to Mental Structure (Cambridge Univ.
Press, Cambridge, 1988)
10. E. Bialystok, F. I. Craik, M. Freedman, Neuropsychologia 45, 459 (2007).
[CrossRef] [Web of Science] [Medline]
【在 k**t 的大作中提到】
: no access to the full text.
: 只看了下摘要，
| x*r
发帖数: 11073 | 5 新疆的同学都是汉语,哈语,维语混在一起说的啊:)
。要理解他的全话，只有类似背景才行。
【在 k**t 的大作中提到】
: 看了 Muslim 的帖子，想起来一个朋友，喜欢中文，英文，德文轮番滚，犹如大杂锅。要理解他的全话，只有类似背景才行。
: 去年在新疆的时候，我嘲笑他给祖国 jian 听部门增加工作难度。哈哈。
| S********y
发帖数: 160 | 6 喜欢带有新疆口音的mandarine, 爽直利索。 | k**t
发帖数: 1108 | 7 谢谢，热心人！
CA
some
languages
【在 x*r 的大作中提到】
: Social Science:
: The Benefits of Multilingualism
: Jared Diamond
: Geography Department, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
: 90095-1524, USA.
: E-mail: j******[email protected]
: Multilingualism—the ability to understand and speak several languages—is
: exceptional in the United States but common elsewhere, especially in small-
: scale traditional societies. For instance, once while I was camped with some
: New Guinea Highlanders conversing simultaneously in several local languages
| l****r
发帖数: 14809 | 8 发信人: laxger (laxger), 信区: Xibei
标 题: Re: 紧急求救：谁能进bloomberg terminal
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Sat Nov 6 11:25:46 2010, 美东)
封7妹为西北第一古道热肠有求必应热心人
【在 k**t 的大作中提到】
: 谢谢，热心人！
:
: CA
: some
: languages
| k**t
发帖数: 1108 | 9 对，包子伺候。
【在 l****r 的大作中提到】
: 发信人: laxger (laxger), 信区: Xibei
: 标 题: Re: 紧急求救：谁能进bloomberg terminal
: 发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Sat Nov 6 11:25:46 2010, 美东)
: 封7妹为西北第一古道热肠有求必应热心人
| x*r
发帖数: 11073 | 10 谢谢,感动啊......
【在 k**t 的大作中提到】
: 对，包子伺候。
| | | s*******y
发帖数: 46535 | 11 不是喜欢说，就是很自然地会带一些英文词出来，想不带也可以作到，但是说话速度就
变慢了，呵呵，我上回回国就是这样
。要理解他的全话，只有类似背景才行。
【在 k**t 的大作中提到】
: 看了 Muslim 的帖子，想起来一个朋友，喜欢中文，英文，德文轮番滚，犹如大杂锅。要理解他的全话，只有类似背景才行。
: 去年在新疆的时候，我嘲笑他给祖国 jian 听部门增加工作难度。哈哈。
| s******r
发帖数: 4749 | 12 今天刚看到一篇文章说用双语的人， 生老年痴呆症的年龄比说一种语言的人起码晚5年。
。要理解他的全话，只有类似背景才行。
【在 k**t 的大作中提到】
: 看了 Muslim 的帖子，想起来一个朋友，喜欢中文，英文，德文轮番滚，犹如大杂锅。要理解他的全话，只有类似背景才行。
: 去年在新疆的时候，我嘲笑他给祖国 jian 听部门增加工作难度。哈哈。
| s******r
发帖数: 4749 | 13 叫活雷锋更简单啊
【在 l****r 的大作中提到】
: 发信人: laxger (laxger), 信区: Xibei
: 标 题: Re: 紧急求救：谁能进bloomberg terminal
: 发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Sat Nov 6 11:25:46 2010, 美东)
: 封7妹为西北第一古道热肠有求必应热心人
| x*r
发帖数: 11073 | 14 那咱们都会晚......
年。
【在 s******r 的大作中提到】
: 今天刚看到一篇文章说用双语的人， 生老年痴呆症的年龄比说一种语言的人起码晚5年。
:
: 。要理解他的全话，只有类似背景才行。
| s*******y
发帖数: 46535 | 15 中国人都会晚，咱们的方言比欧洲不同国家语言之间的差异大多了
【在 x*r 的大作中提到】
: 那咱们都会晚......
:
: 年。
| p********i
发帖数: 12365 | 16 我喜欢混的。
中文英文日文，一句两句的都喜欢混
纯粹为了搞笑的需要
。要理解他的全话，只有类似背景才行。
【在 k**t 的大作中提到】
: 看了 Muslim 的帖子，想起来一个朋友，喜欢中文，英文，德文轮番滚，犹如大杂锅。要理解他的全话，只有类似背景才行。
: 去年在新疆的时候，我嘲笑他给祖国 jian 听部门增加工作难度。哈哈。
| D4
发帖数: 733 | 17 混着说是必须的
尤其在美国跟中国人讲话
英语会不有自主的跑出来
我跟一最最最好的闺密讲话时那一定是英语汉语
不论句子有多长或者多短都很难用一种语言完成
我们俩的对话也只有我们听的懂
比如说她会用很中文的语调跟我说“你知道宋庆玲die哦”
那个die跟句子完全融合在一起根本听不出是英文单词
然后第三者就会问什么die
但是我明白
这就是我们用7年时间培养出的感情 | N**********d
发帖数: 9292 | 18 有个老中同学，来美多年，经常讲英文。
有一次，跟我说话，通篇英文，然后憋了半天没出词，然后说了个nei ge
我快笑到暗伤了。。。
【在 D4 的大作中提到】
: 混着说是必须的
: 尤其在美国跟中国人讲话
: 英语会不有自主的跑出来
: 我跟一最最最好的闺密讲话时那一定是英语汉语
: 不论句子有多长或者多短都很难用一种语言完成
: 我们俩的对话也只有我们听的懂
: 比如说她会用很中文的语调跟我说“你知道宋庆玲die哦”
: 那个die跟句子完全融合在一起根本听不出是英文单词
: 然后第三者就会问什么die
: 但是我明白
| D4
发帖数: 733 | 19 哈哈～ 你同学好搞！
我们也是呀～
虽然来美国这么多年，可还是会忘词
就英语说不下去了接汉语，汉语说不下去接英语
【在 N**********d 的大作中提到】
: 有个老中同学，来美多年，经常讲英文。
: 有一次，跟我说话，通篇英文，然后憋了半天没出词，然后说了个nei ge
: 我快笑到暗伤了。。。
| l******e
发帖数: 1550 | 20 俺希望保持中文或者英文的纯正,最不喜欢两种语言混着说,即使混着说会容易些,还是
努力避免.
不知道莲花弟弟平时是不是混着说的.... | | | k**t
发帖数: 1108 | 21 嗯，我也尽量说纯语，这很受谈话对象的影响，如果面对不会说英语的中国人，我会自
然去除英语，反之亦然。
但是如果谈话人也是多语混说的，我想保持不夹杂外词很困难，总会被潜移默化影响。
【在 l******e 的大作中提到】
: 俺希望保持中文或者英文的纯正,最不喜欢两种语言混着说,即使混着说会容易些,还是
: 努力避免.
: 不知道莲花弟弟平时是不是混着说的....
| z**n
发帖数: 22303 | 22 用双语和中英夹杂不是一回事吧，很不喜欢中英夹杂着说的，比如学术。
年。
【在 s******r 的大作中提到】
: 今天刚看到一篇文章说用双语的人， 生老年痴呆症的年龄比说一种语言的人起码晚5年。
:
: 。要理解他的全话，只有类似背景才行。
| l****i
发帖数: 20439 | 23 like侬格则巴嘎?
【在 p********i 的大作中提到】
: 我喜欢混的。
: 中文英文日文，一句两句的都喜欢混
: 纯粹为了搞笑的需要
:
: 。要理解他的全话，只有类似背景才行。
| x*r
发帖数: 11073 | 24 你莲花弟弟也是混着说的:)
其实这个有些意思只能用英文或中文表达得更清楚啊，比如说appreciate这个单词，我
用中文说我很感激就觉得有点别扭不太自然阿……我工作中对外大部分是英文，对内大
部分是中文，所以每天都是同时在用两种语言，现在已经习惯了，而且我发现我总是在
中英文翻译转述等等，搞得我自己也很无奈啊......
还是顺其自然吧，语言就是让生活和工作更加方便的工具而已，怎么好用怎么来:)
【在 l******e 的大作中提到】
: 俺希望保持中文或者英文的纯正,最不喜欢两种语言混着说,即使混着说会容易些,还是
: 努力避免.
: 不知道莲花弟弟平时是不是混着说的....
| l******e
发帖数: 1550 | 25 顶着锅盖说一句哈, 俺其实觉得中文或者英文不够好,才会混着说. 不过如果莲花弟弟
都是混着说的,那说明俺的看法是不正确的.
【在 x*r 的大作中提到】
: 你莲花弟弟也是混着说的:)
: 其实这个有些意思只能用英文或中文表达得更清楚啊，比如说appreciate这个单词，我
: 用中文说我很感激就觉得有点别扭不太自然阿……我工作中对外大部分是英文，对内大
: 部分是中文，所以每天都是同时在用两种语言，现在已经习惯了，而且我发现我总是在
: 中英文翻译转述等等，搞得我自己也很无奈啊......
: 还是顺其自然吧，语言就是让生活和工作更加方便的工具而已，怎么好用怎么来:)
| x*r
发帖数: 11073 | 26 哈哈，公主很可爱，抱一个先:)
这个语言能力是否好也要看对方，就是跟你对话的人的语言能力和理解能力。
大家彼此彼此，毕竟平常接触的人也不都是博士或教授之类的，我接触的人里还有数数
都数不清楚的，咱们就得见人说人话见鬼说鬼话，不用太认真，哈哈:D
【在 l******e 的大作中提到】
: 顶着锅盖说一句哈, 俺其实觉得中文或者英文不够好,才会混着说. 不过如果莲花弟弟
: 都是混着说的,那说明俺的看法是不正确的.
| r******y
发帖数: 21907 | 27 我觉得我中文肯定有所退化，反正我跟实验室说中文的话一定会带英文，就是想不起来
用啥词儿。。。。。。英文不知道就问他们咋说 ：）听不懂的词儿就问意思，学习，
呵呵
【在 x*r 的大作中提到】
: 哈哈，公主很可爱，抱一个先:)
: 这个语言能力是否好也要看对方，就是跟你对话的人的语言能力和理解能力。
: 大家彼此彼此，毕竟平常接触的人也不都是博士或教授之类的，我接触的人里还有数数
: 都数不清楚的，咱们就得见人说人话见鬼说鬼话，不用太认真，哈哈:D
| x*r
发帖数: 11073 | 28 哈哈,我也喜欢问,不懂的不确定的不清楚的通通要问个明白才甘心,中英文都一样:))
【在 r******y 的大作中提到】
: 我觉得我中文肯定有所退化，反正我跟实验室说中文的话一定会带英文，就是想不起来
: 用啥词儿。。。。。。英文不知道就问他们咋说 ：）听不懂的词儿就问意思，学习，
: 呵呵
| r******y
发帖数: 21907 | 29 ：）抱抱
【在 x*r 的大作中提到】
: 哈哈,我也喜欢问,不懂的不确定的不清楚的通通要问个明白才甘心,中英文都一样:))
| x*r
发帖数: 11073 | 30 抱~~~~~~~~~~~我在打牌,才看到:)
【在 r******y 的大作中提到】
: ：）抱抱
| | | s*******y
发帖数: 46535 | 31 哼，你是羡慕envy恨吧
【在 z**n 的大作中提到】
: 用双语和中英夹杂不是一回事吧，很不喜欢中英夹杂着说的，比如学术。
:
: 年。
| s*******y
发帖数: 46535 | 32 appreciate很多时候是指理解领会的意思
【在 x*r 的大作中提到】
: 你莲花弟弟也是混着说的:)
: 其实这个有些意思只能用英文或中文表达得更清楚啊，比如说appreciate这个单词，我
: 用中文说我很感激就觉得有点别扭不太自然阿……我工作中对外大部分是英文，对内大
: 部分是中文，所以每天都是同时在用两种语言，现在已经习惯了，而且我发现我总是在
: 中英文翻译转述等等，搞得我自己也很无奈啊......
: 还是顺其自然吧，语言就是让生活和工作更加方便的工具而已，怎么好用怎么来:)
| r******y
发帖数: 21907 | 33 不是apprehend吗？
【在 s*******y 的大作中提到】
: appreciate很多时候是指理解领会的意思
| s*******y
发帖数: 46535 | 34 这么说吧，是认识理解其价值，呵呵
【在 r******y 的大作中提到】
: 不是apprehend吗？
| x*r
发帖数: 11073 | 35 很多时候?
【在 s*******y 的大作中提到】
: appreciate很多时候是指理解领会的意思
| W****S
发帖数: 6555 | 36 那是你中文说少了
不过好像广东那边的习惯混着说
【在 s*******y 的大作中提到】
: 不是喜欢说，就是很自然地会带一些英文词出来，想不带也可以作到，但是说话速度就
: 变慢了，呵呵，我上回回国就是这样
:
: 。要理解他的全话，只有类似背景才行。
| W****S
发帖数: 6555 | 37 偶怎么觉得已经痴呆了
年。
【在 s******r 的大作中提到】
: 今天刚看到一篇文章说用双语的人， 生老年痴呆症的年龄比说一种语言的人起码晚5年。
:
: 。要理解他的全话，只有类似背景才行。
| W****S
发帖数: 6555 | 38 在这个问题上有一次我把某人都快搞残了
伊蹦一个鸟语我纠正一次
【在 k**t 的大作中提到】
: 嗯，我也尽量说纯语，这很受谈话对象的影响，如果面对不会说英语的中国人，我会自
: 然去除英语，反之亦然。
: 但是如果谈话人也是多语混说的，我想保持不夹杂外词很困难，总会被潜移默化影响。
| M****m
发帖数: 2142 | 39 具体应该说是 香港
【在 W****S 的大作中提到】
: 那是你中文说少了
: 不过好像广东那边的习惯混着说
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