n**e
发帖数: 2026 | 1 抑郁症（Major Depressive Disorder）与精神病性抑郁 (Psychotic depression)与燥郁
症（Bipolar disorder）均为独立的疾病实体，相互之间没有概念从属关系。张纯如的
诊断最初是抑郁症（Major Depressive Disorder），后来有医生诊断燥郁症（Bipolar
disorder）。这两个疾病都没有妄想表现。
1. 抑郁症是独立的疾病实体。 Clinical depression goes by many names --
depression, "the blues," biological depression, major depression.
http://psychcentral.com/disorders/depression/
关于抑郁症的诊断标准。附录1 ：DSM-4 Criteria for Major Depressive Disorder (
MDD) ，与附录2：DSM-5 Criteria for Major Depressive Episode, 在具体内容上没
有不同。都没有妄想表现。关于这两个术语究竟有什么区别，这里有清楚的解释：
A major depressive episode is a period characterized by the symptoms of
major depressive disorder。
2. 精神病性抑郁是独立的疾病实体。Psychotic depression is characterized by
not only depressive symptoms, but also by hallucinations (seeing or hearing
things that aren’t really there) or delusions (irrational thoughts and
fears).
http://psychcentral.com/lib/psychotic-depression/0001291
3. 燥郁症是独立的疾病实体。在燥郁症中有多种分类。燥郁症没有妄想表现。
Bipolar disorder, also known by its older name "manic depression," is a
mental disorder that is characterized by serious mood swings. A person with
bipolar disorder experiences alternating “highs” (what clinicians call “
mania“) and “lows” (also known as depression).
During a manic phase, symptoms include:
• heightened sense of self-importance
• exaggerated positive outlook
• significantly decreased need for sleep
• poor appetite and weight loss
• racing speech, flight of ideas, impulsiveness
• ideas that move quickly from one subject to the next
• poor concentration, easy distractibility
• increased activity level
• excessive involvement in pleasurable activities
• poor financial choices, rash spending sprees
• excessive irritability, aggressive behavior
During a depressed phase, symptoms include:
• feelings of sadness or hopelessness
• loss of interest in pleasurable or usual activities
• difficulty sleeping; early-morning awakening
• loss of energy and constant lethargy
• sense of guilt or low self-esteem
• difficulty concentrating
• negative thoughts about the future
• weight gain or weight loss
• talk of suicide or death
http://psychcentral.com/lib/symptoms-of-bipolar-disorder-manic-
附录1：DSM-4 Criteria for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
• Depressed mood or a loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities
for more than two weeks.
• Mood represents a change from the person's baseline.
• Impaired function: social, occupational, educational.
• Specific symptoms, at least 5 of these 9, present nearly every day:
1. Depressed mood or irritable most of the day, nearly every day, as
indicated by either subjective report
(e.g., feels sad or empty) or observation made by others (e.g., appears
tearful).
2. Decreased interest or pleasure in most activities, most of each day
3. Significant weight change (5%) or change in appetite
4. Change in sleep: Insomnia or hypersomnia
5. Change in activity: Psychomotor agitation or retardation
6. Fatigue or loss of energy
7. Guilt/worthlessness: Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or
inappropriate guilt
8. Concentration: diminished ability to think or concentrate, or more
indecisiveness
9. Suicidality: Thoughts of death or suicide, or has suicide plan
附录2：Criteria for Major Depressive Episode: DSM-5
A. Five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the
same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at
least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of
interest or pleasure.
Note: Do not include symptoms that are clearly due to a general medical
condition, or mood-incongruent delusions or hallucinations.
1. Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day, as indicated by either
subjective report (e.g., feels sad or empty) or observation made by others (
e.g., appears tearful). Note: In children and adolescents, can be irritable
mood.
2. Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all, or almost all,
activities most of the day, nearly every day (as indicated by either
subjective account or observation made by others).
3. Significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain (e.g., a change
of more than 5 percent of body weight in a month), or decrease or increase
in appetite nearly every day. Note: In children, consider failure to make
expected weight gains.
4. Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day.
5. Psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day (observable
byothers, not merely subjective feelings of restlessness or being slowed
down).
6. Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day.
7. Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt (whichmay
be delusional) nearly every day (not merely self-reproach or guilt about
being sick).
8. Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly
every day (either by subjective account or as observed by others).
9. Recurrent thoughts of death (not just fear of dying), recurrent suicidal
ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt or a specific plan
for committing suicide.
B. The symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in
social, occupational or other important areas of functioning.
C. The symptoms are not due to the direct physiological effects of a
substance (e.g., adrug of abuse, a medication) or a general medical
condition (e.g., hypothyroidism). | k******g
发帖数: 132 | 2 关于抑郁症，人渣Nile有继续狡辩。
Nile现在要“澄清”，他以前所说的抑郁症是指Major Depressive Disorder了，但事
实是不容你nile狡辩的。
1，
你此前所说的抑郁症非常清楚指的是Depression，而不是Major depressive disorder。
证据：
1），你指责我“公然用Psychotic depression 偷换 depression”，而不是指责“公
然用Psychotic depression 偷换Major depressive disorder”
发信人: nile (nile), 信区: Detective
标 题: Re: 劝“糠薨”网络辩论走邪门歪道是死路一条 (转载)
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Wed Jan 14 16:22:42 2015, 美东)
糠薨，这个名字有创意。哈哈。。。
这个人渣公然用Psychotic depression 偷换 depression ，其行为已经与贼无异。没
必要和他谈学术。
http://www.unknownspace.org/article_t/Detective/134225.html
2）， 你在以micromirror的网名发的帖里争辩的也是depression，而不是Major
depressive disorder。你可以说micromirror不是你nile，但如证据1）所述，是你在
持同一观点指责我“公然用Psychotic depression 偷换 depression”。（至于
micromirror与nile是什么关系，网友有这个能力做出判断）。
附原文：
【这段文字告诉你depression 与Psychotic depression是有区别的，症状表现不一样
，发病率不一样。Depression的症状是什么？有没有妄想？不知道可以通过原文
depression的链接看到。老夫帮你贴在附录2。】
附录2
Clinical depression goes by many names -- depression, "the blues,"
biological depression, major depression. But it all refers to the same thing
blue mood). This feeling is most often accompanied by feelings of
hopelessness, a lack of energy (or feeling "weighed down"), and taking
little or no pleasure in things that gave you joy in the past. A person who'
s depressed just "can't get moving" and feels completely unmotivated to do
just about anything. Even simple things -- like getting dressed in the
morning or eating -- become large obstacles in daily life.
http://psychcentral.com/disorders/depression/
http://www.unknownspace.org/article_t/Detective/134225.html
2，
退一万步讲，既然你此前的抑郁症指的是Major depressive disorder，并且认为【抑
郁症（Major Depressive Disorder）与精神病性抑郁 (Psychotic depression)与燥郁
症（Bipolar disorder）均为独立的疾病实体，相互之间没有概念从属关系】， 那么
，你为什么又说抑郁症包括bipolar disorder 呢？你怎么解释？
附，你质问的原话是：“抑郁症包括后来诊断的bipolar disorder有妄想表现吗？”
http://www.unknownspace.org/article_t/WaterWorld/2564779.html
3，
事实上，在中文里公认，抑郁症的对应英文是Depression， Major depressive
disorder对应的中文名是重症抑郁症(重性抑郁障碍)。
http://www.baike.com/wiki/%E6%8A%91%E9%83%81%E7%97%87
http://www.zwbk.org/zh-tw/Lemma_Show/121593.aspx
http://ci.qiuyi.cn/html/disease/484/
http://www.who.int/topics/depression/zh/ （http://www.who.int/topics/depression/en/）
http://baike.baidu.com/view/1277907.htm
http://www.iciba.com/%E9%87%8D%E5%BA%A6%E6%8A%91%E9%83%81%E7%97
4，
如前所述，你非常明确地否认过bipolar disorder可以有妄想表现，但事实是，
bipolar I disorder完全有可能有妄想表现。
附：
Delusions are false beliefs that are firmly held. They are one aspect of the
psychotic features of bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and schizoaffective
disorder.
http://psychcentral.com/lib/bipolar-disorder-with-psychotic-fea
5，
不知是你的英文太差还是你的人品太差，反正你坚持Major Depressive Disorder与
Major Depressive Episode在具体内容上没有不同，反正你把Criteria for Major
Depressive Episode作为抑郁症的诊断标准。
这就是你的关于抑郁症的几个术语问题的澄清？不知面对如下叙述，你nile还能怎么狡
辩？
A major depressive episode is not a disorder in itself, but rather is a
description of part of a disorder, most often major depressive disorder or
bipolar disorder.
http://psychcentral.com/disorders/major-depressive-episode-symp
附，nile的原话：
【关于抑郁症的诊断标准。附录1 ：DSM-4 Criteria for Major Depressive Disorder
(
MDD) ，与附录2：DSM-5 Criteria for Major Depressive Episode, 在具体内容上没
有不同】。
http://www.unknownspace.org/article_t/Detective/134305.html
张纯如精神障碍的正式诊断是抑郁症。根据美国精神病诊断权威标准DSM-5（附件1），
抑郁症是没有妄想表现的。也就是说，如果一个人被诊断为抑郁症，就不应该有妄想表
现。如果一个人有妄想表现，就不应该诊断为抑郁症。
附件1 ：Criteria for Major Depressive Episode: DSM-5
http://www.unknownspace.org/article_t/Detective/134293.html | l*********o
发帖数: 3091 | | f*********s
发帖数: 3525 | 4 厉害啊
【在 l*********o 的大作中提到】
: 请解释空气枕
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