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发帖数: 8210 | 1 【 以下文字转载自 Military 讨论区 】
发信人: stillwell (cgi), 信区: Military
标 题: 《国际海洋公约》与中国在钓鱼岛问题上的被动
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Sun Sep 16 20:46:17 2012, 美东)
这事得从《联合国海洋法公约》说起。联合国海洋公约，United Nations Convention
on the Law of the Sea， 从1958年开始谈判，到1982年谈判完成，前后折腾了25年时
间。谈判完成后，正式批准生效遵守的国家有60个，中国于1996年批准承认并遵守这一
破公约。目前这个公约有到目前有152个国家缔约，但很多与海洋无关，只是签约赚便
宜而已。
美国在张罗忽悠各国签署加入这一公约后，自己却以国会不批准为由，决绝履行这一公
约。原因是美国引用其总统杜鲁门在1945年第二次世界大战结束时宣布的美国领海基线
为大陆架的原则不变。至于这大陆架到底延伸到距离海岸多远的地方，美国从来不说。
《联合国海洋法公约》事实上是海上强权刻意绑架世界各海洋国家让出一条不受每个国
家干预的公海通道的强权公约。这个公约的核心其实有以下几点：
1. 领海限制，LIMITS OF THE TERRITORIAL SEA
Article 3
Breadth of the territorial sea
Every State has the right to establish the breadth of its territorial sea up
to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles, measured from baselines
determined in accordance with this Convention.
规定每个国家领海从海岸基线baseline 向外扩展12海里。 在此以内是你的领海，以外
不是。
2. 继延海域，CONTIGUOUS ZONE
Article 33
Contiguous zone
1. In a zone contiguous to its territorial sea, described as the contiguous
zone, the coastal State may exercise the control necessary to:
(a) prevent infringement of its customs, fiscal, immigration or
sanitary laws and regulations within its territory or territorial
sea;
(b) punish infringement of the above laws and regulations
committed within its territory or territorial sea.
2. The contiguous zone may not extend beyond 24 nautical miles from
the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured.
规定美个签署国可以从领海基线baseline起，越过12海里的领海基线，再向外延展12海
里，可以在此范围内从事反走私，反贩毒，反非法移民等公认的打击犯罪行为。
3. 专属经济区， EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE
Article 55
Specific legal regime of the exclusive economic zone
The exclusive economic zone is an area beyond and adjacent to the
territorial sea, subject to the specific legal regime established in this
Part,
under which the rights and jurisdiction of the coastal State and the rights
and
freedoms of other States are governed by the relevant provisions of this
Convention.
Article 57
Breadth of the exclusive economic zone
The exclusive economic zone shall not extend beyond 200 nautical miles
from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured.
规定从海岸基线 baseline 算起的200海里内属于该国的专属经济区。可以从事捕捞，
开采，养殖等经济等产业。
4. 大陆架， CONTINENTAL SHELF
条约描述的界定范围蛮复杂，简单说就是从海岸基线baseline算起200海里以内，但你
可以通过胡搅蛮缠给你调整修正展延到350海里。
5. 无害通过界定，INNOCENT PASSAGE IN THE TERRITORIAL SEA
Article 17
Right of innocent passage
Subject to this Convention, ships of all States, whether coastal or
land-locked, enjoy the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea.
Article 20
Submarines and other underwater vehicles
In the territorial sea, submarines and other underwater vehicles are
required to navigate on the surface and to show their flag.
规定所有无危害性船只可以经过一国的领海，也就是12海里内的TERRITORIAL SEA，当
然，军舰通过时要符合一些具体要求。譬如 潜水艇和其它水下运载设备通过时要上浮
水面并举旗通过。
6. 海岸基线baseline的画法与群岛国家的理外说明。 这个条约，对海岸基线的画法
做了异常明确的说明，你压根没有办法和人讨价还价。 但是，由于受日本，英国等海
洋大国的左右加上岛屿列岛国家也确实比较特别。这个条约在缔约时，对公认的列岛国
家例如，英国，日本，菲律宾，马来西亚，印度尼西亚等国的基线画法做了例外规定。
具体如下，
Article 47
Archipelagic baselines
1. An archipelagic State may draw straight archipelagic baselines
joining the outermost points of the outermost islands and drying reefs of
the
archipelago provided that within such baselines are included the main
islands
and an area in which the ratio of the area of the water to the area of the
land,
including atolls, is between 1 to 1 and 9 to 1.
2. The length of such baselines shall not exceed 100 nautical miles,
except that up to 3 per cent of the total number of baselines enclosing any
archipelago may exceed that length, up to a maximum length of 125 nautical
miles.
3. The drawing of such baselines shall not depart to any appreciable
extent from the general configuration of the archipelago.
4. Such baselines shall not be drawn to and from low-tide elevations,
unless lighthouses or similar installations which are permanently above sea
level have been built on them or where a low-tide elevation is situated
wholly
or partly at a distance not exceeding the breadth of the territorial sea
from the
nearest island.
5. The system of such baselines shall not be applied by an archipelagic
State in such a manner as to cut off from the high seas or the exclusive
economic zone the territorial sea of another State.
6. If a part of the archipelagic waters of an archipelagic State lies
between two parts of an immediately adjacent neighbouring State, existing
rights and all other legitimate interests which the latter State has
traditionally
exercised in such waters and all rights stipulated by agreement between
those
States shall continue and be respected.
7. For the purpose of computing the ratio of water to land under
paragraph l, land areas may include waters lying within the fringing reefs
of
islands and atolls, including that part of a steep-sided oceanic plateau
which
is enclosed or nearly enclosed by a chain of limestone islands and drying
reefs lying on the perimeter of the plateau.
8. The baselines drawn in accordance with this article shall be shown
on charts of a scale or scales adequate for ascertaining their position.
Alternatively, lists of geographical coordinates of points, specifying the
geodetic datum, may be substituted.
9. The archipelagic State shall give due publicity to such charts or lists
of geographical coordinates and shall deposit a copy of each such chart or
list
with the Secretary-General of the United Nations.
Article 48
Measurement of the breadth of the territorial sea, the contiguous zone,
the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf
The breadth of the territorial sea, the contiguous zone, the exclusive
economic zone and the continental shelf shall be measured from archipelagic
baselines drawn in accordance with article 47.
简单说，群岛国的海岸基线就是把各个岛屿的最远端的low-water line每一基点直线所
连接而形成的环形区域边沿线。
这个画法，无疑对这些国家很有利。
但现在问题就来了。钓鱼岛在中国大陆架的边沿上，如果按这破公约的baseline规定的
画法，钓鱼岛在200海里以外，但却在350海里以内。如果按经济专属区界定，在我们的
大陆架上但却不在我们的经济专属区圈圈内，因此我们就变得很被动。
再说日本方面，如果按那个群岛列岛国的海岸基线画法，日本把各个岛屿连接到它的“
与那国岛”而形成的海岸基线到钓鱼岛差不多50海里，理论上确实在它的经济专属区范
围内。这样一来，一旦日本把钓鱼岛弄到手后，它的海岸基线就会向东平移而深入到大
陆架上50海里。而它的经济专属区就会向东推进200海里。因为这样太恶毒，日本才又
假惺惺提出了个中间线方案。意思是说，我们让你一下，不要200海里了。
海洋公约签署后，日本不仅就给联合国提交了包括钓鱼岛在内的海岸基线图，因为据此
对日本很有利。可中国一直不敢拿出来，因为对我们确实没有利。估计是最近给弄急了
，干脆沿着钓鱼岛在内的那几个岛屿边缘画了个四边形，说这就是我们的海岸基线，交
到联合国去了。可说实话，这个画法不符合海洋法的要求。因为我们不是列岛国，不能
象日本那样单独把那几个岛屿圈起来做海岸基线。这么说来，真要按那个国际海洋法打
官司，估计能赢的可能性很小。
所以，中国现在最好的做法，就是退出国际海洋公约组织，象美国一样，坚持以大陆架
为界限，跟丫少废话，估计马上就傻眼了。
另外还有一种办法就是不退出国际海洋公约，以台湾给他找海岸基线，也能画在200海
里以内，但估计比较麻烦。
其实，南海的情况和东海一样被动也是因为这个丧权辱国的破公约。
如果不加入这个公约，按照常校长当年画的线认疆界，根本不需要和谁罗嗦。
一句话，这个岛，别看它小，实在是太重要了。
附：国际海洋公约
http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/ | f********i
发帖数: 8412 | |
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