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发帖数: 29846 | 1 【 以下文字转载自 EB23 讨论区 】
发信人: SinoGator (毛人弟弟), 信区: EB23
标 题: STEM/SKIL/DV法案的前世今生
发信站: BBS 未名空间站 (Fri Sep 21 11:24:49 2012, 美东)
在最新的STEM法案昨天倒下的这个时间点上,就事论事地介绍一下这个法案的历史.
基本名词解释: STEM = Science Technology Engineering Mathematics
具体定义在各个版本的STEM法案中略有不同.目前有效的29个月的OPT框架下的STEM专业
列表是我所知道移民局官方执行的唯一STEM列表.官方连结如下:
http://www.ice.gov/sevis/stemlist.htm
SKIL = Securing Knowledge Innovation and Leadership
美国人特别喜欢搞这种acronym,SKIL法案和STEM法案基本上等义.历史上每个版本也基
本上和STEM法案内容重合.
我所知道/能查到的最早的SKIL法案是亚利桑那州共和党议员JOHN SHADEGG在2006年提
出的“SKIL Act of 2006” (H.R. 5744).此公在之后的几年又数次提出该法案,直到他
2011年退休为止.
SKIL法案历史上还有一个热心推动者,得克萨斯州的共和党议员JOHN CORNYN.历史上来
看,STEM/SKIL是共和党更为热心的一个法案.这和共和党打击非法移民,吸引高科技人才
的一贯移民政策相符合.
附一下从WIKI上查来的一个不完全历史:
History
April 18, 2007
The “Securing Knowledge, Innovation, and Leadership Act of 2007” (“SKIL
Act of 2007”) (H.R. 1930) was referred to House Committee on the Judiciary.
April 11, 2007
“High-Tech Worker Relief Act” (S. 1092) was introduced by Sen. Chuck Hagel
(R-NE) as a bill to temporarily increase the number of visas for certain
highly skilled workers. The Senate never voted on it but was referred to the
Senate Committee on the Judiciary.
April 10, 2007
The “Securing Knowledge, Innovation, and Leadership Act of 2007” or the “
SKIL Act of 2007” (S. 1083) was re-introduced as a bill to increase
competitiveness in the United States, sponsored in the Senate by Sen. John
Cornyn (R-TX). The Senate never voted on the SKIL Bill but it was referred
to the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, chaired by Sen. Arlen Specter (R-
PA).
June 6, 2006
The Senate passed S. 2611 by a 62-36 vote.
April 7, 2006
The Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006 (S. 2611) was sponsored in
the Senate by Sen. Arlen Specter (R-PA). At this time S. 2611 didn't contain
increases to H-1B but it did introduce a guest worker program for unskilled
workers.
May 2, 2006
The “Securing Knowledge, Innovation, and Leadership Act of 2006” or the “
SKIL Act of 2006” (S. 2691) was sponsored in the Senate by Sen. John Cornyn
(R-TX). The Senate never voted on the SKIL Bill but it was referred to the
Committee on the Judiciary, chaired by Sen. Arlen Specter (R-PA).
May 25, 2006
The Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006 (S. 2611) was amended to
include the SKIL Bill in what was called the “Manager's Amendment to the
Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2006” The SKIL Act was inserted
into Subtitle B within S. 2611.
June 29, 2006
The “Securing Knowledge, Innovation, and Leadership Act of 2006” or the “
SKIL Act of 2006” (H.R. 5744) was introduced in the House by Rep. John
Shadegg (R-AZ).
仅仅覆盖了2006-2007年两年.事实上前文所提的SHADEGG在2010年再次在HOUSE提过这个
法案.欢迎大家补充2007年以后其他版本的SKIL/STEM法案出现情况.
最后顺便聊一下取消绿卡抽签(DV-Diversity Visa).这次STEM法案是取消5万个绿卡抽
签名额来提供给STEM额外名额的. 和两党对于STEM/SKIL的态度相应成趣的,是两党对于
DV的态度的相应的截然不同--共和党几年来一直致力于取消DV,而民主党则想着增加DV:
In March 2007, Congressman Bob Goodlatte (R-VA) introduced H.R. 1430, which
would eliminate the diversity visa program. In June 2007, the U.S. House
passed H.R. 2764 to eliminate funding for the program, and the Senate did
likewise in September.[13] However, the final version of this bill with
amendments, signed into law on December 26, 2007, did not include the
removal of funds for the program. Several attempts have been made over the
last several years to eliminate the lottery. Although H.R. 2764 was an
appropriation bill and could only cut funds for the lottery during one
fiscal year, this was the first time that both the House and the Senate
passed a bill to halt the diversity visa program.H.R. 2764
Rep. Goodlatte reintroduced his Security and Fairness Enhancement for
America Act (formerly H.R. 1430, now H.R. 2305) on May 7, 2009. The bill
would have amended the Immigration and Nationality Act to eliminate the
diversity immigrant program completely, but did not pass.
Rep. Sheila Jackson-Lee (D-TX) introduced the Save America Comprehensive
Immigration Act of 2009 (H.R. 264) on January 7, 2009. The bill would have
doubled the number of diversity visas available to 110,000 yearly. The bill
did not pass.[14]
2011年共和党的两个议员抛出过各自的绿卡抽签法案,一个是把取消的名额分配给前文
所提的STEM高科技人才,一个则光是取消而已.从对待DV的态度,不难看出共和党的移民
政策的核心内容是反对非法移民基础之上的照顾高科技移民.前者是锦,后者是花. |
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