c**i
发帖数: 6973 | 1 David McCullough, Vive la Similarité; This Bastille Day, celebrate America
’s debt to France. New York Times, July 14, 2011
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/14/opinion/14mccullough.html
("our war for independence, would almost certainly have failed had it not
been for heavy French financial backing and military support, on both land
and sea. At the crucial surrender of the British at Yorktown, for example,
the French army under Rochambeau was larger than our own commanded by
Washington. The British commander, Cornwallis, was left with no escape and
no choice but to surrender only because a French fleet sailed into the
Chesapeake Bay at exactly the right moment")
Note:
(a) The "enfant" is a French noun for "child"--can be a boy or a girl.
(b) Franco-American alliance
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-American_alliance
* Battle of the Chesapeake
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chesapeake
(Sept 5, 1781; The battle was tactically inconclusive but strategically a
major defeat for the British, since it prevented the Royal Navy from
reinforcing or evacuating the blockaded forces of General Lord Cornwallis at
Yorktown, Virginia. It also prevented British interference with the
transport of French and Continental Army troops and provisions to Yorktown
via Chesapeake Bay. As a result, Cornwallis surrendered his army after the
Siege of Yorktown.)
(c) Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_
Donatien_de_Vimeur,_comte_de_Rochambeau
(1725-1807)
(d) XYZ Affair
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XYZ_Affair
(e) History of Baton Rouge. Department of Health & Hospitals (DHH), State of
Louisiana, undated.
http://www.dhh.state.la.us/offices/miscdocs
/docs-119/BR/History%20of%20Baton%20Rouge.pdf
(f) Des Moines, Iowa
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa
(It is named after the Des Moines River [a tributary of Mississippi River],
which may have been adapted from the French Rivière des Moines, literally
meaning "River of the Monks."
(g) Terre Haute, Indiana
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terre_Haute,_Indiana
(section 2 History)
(h) Lousiana
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lousiana
(section 1 Toponym)
(i) Vermont
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont
(The origin of the name "Vermont" is uncertain, but likely comes from the
French les Verts Monts, meaning "the Green Mountains".)
(j) Au Sable River (Michigan)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Au_Sable_River_(Michigan)
(In French, au sable literally means "with sand.")
le sable is French noun for "sand."
(k) Duquesne University
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duquesne_University
(a private Catholic university in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Established 1878
; in 1911 renamed "Duquesne University of the Holy Ghost", after Ange
Duquesne de Menneville, Marquis du Quesne, the French governor of New France
[1534-1763] who first brought Catholic observances to the Pittsburgh area)
(l) Marquette University
(a private, coeducational, Jesuit, Roman Catholic university located in
Milwaukee, Wisconsin; founded in 1881; named after 17th century missionary
and explorer Father Jacques Marquette, SJ [1637-1675; French Jesuit])
(m) University of Notre Dame
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame
(a private Catholic research university located in Notre Dame, an
unincorporated community north of the city of South Bend, Indiana; History 1
History 1.1 Foundations)
(n) For French cuff, see cuff
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuff
(Link cuffs have buttonholes on both sides and are meant to be closed with
cufflinks or silk knots; link cuffs come in two kinds: single cuffs and
double, or French, cuffs)
* cufflink
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cufflink
(silk knot: The Paris shirtmaker Charvet is credited with their introduction
in the beginning of the 20th century)
(o) James Abbott McNeill Whistler
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki
/James_Abbott_McNeill_Whistler
(1834-1903; an American-born, British-based artist. Averse to sentimentality
and moral allusion in painting, he was a leading proponent of the credo "
art for art's sake")
(p) Mary Cassatt
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Cassatt
(1844-1926; American painter)
(q) James Fenimore Cooper
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper
(1789-1851; American writer)
(r) Henry James
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_James
(1843-1916; an American-born writer; spent the last 53 years of his life in
England, becoming a British subject in 1915, one year before his death)
(s) Edith Wharton
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Wharton
(1862-1937)
(t) Louis Moreau Gottschalk
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Moreau_Gottschalk
(1829-1869; American pianist; "The Paris Conservatoire, however, rejected
his application without hearing him on the grounds of his nationality;
Pierre Zimmermann, head of the piano faculty, commented that 'America is a
country of steam engines'")
(u) Cole Porter
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cole_Porter
(1891-1964; an American composer)
(v) Isadora Duncan
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isadora_Duncan
(1877-1924; a dancer, considered by many to be the creator of modern dance)
(w) Josephine Baker
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_Baker
(1906-1975; an Afriocan American dancer, singer, and actress who found fame
in her adopted homeland of France)
(x) Gertrude Stein
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_Stein
(1874-1946; an American writer, poet and art collector who spent most of her
life in France)
(y) Meuse-Argonne American Cemetery And Memorial. American Battle Monuments
Commission, undated.
http://www.abmc.gov/cemeteries/cemeteries/ma.php
("Within the Meuse-Argonne American Cemetery and Memorial in France, which
covers 130.5 acres, rest the largest number of our military dead in Europe,
a total of 14,246. Most of those buried here lost their lives during the
Meuse-Argonne Offensive of World War I. The immense array of headstones
rises in long regular rows")
|
|
