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Stock版 - This Could Be The End For Big Oil???
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话题: silicon话题: silanes话题: combustion话题: plichta话题: air
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c*****r
发帖数: 529
1
http://truthcdm.com/this-could-be-the-end-for-big-oil/
This Could be the End for Big Oil
stunning breakthrough in chemical engineering has unleashed a massive supply
of fuel…
Enough fuel, in fact, to power the entire globe for over 36,000 years.
It’s poised to decimate Big Oil’s obscene profits, make OPEC obsolete, and
hand the United States 100% energy independence.
In fact, the U.S. Department of Defense just invested $7 billion in a single
day…
Apple, Google, and Facebook are spending billions racing to implement this
technology.
And billionaires like Bill Gates and Warren Buffett are going all in.
The International Energy Agency predicts $48 trillion could soon flow into
this sector, making it the #1 source of energy on the planet.
The incredible thing is, it all starts with a tiny grain of sand…
Turning Sand into fuel – Silicon oil as an energy carrier
Dr Peter Plichta studied chemistry, physics and nuclear chemistry in Cologne
, Germany. He obtained his doctorate in chemistry in 1970, and in the years
following he did much research, on the subject of silanes. Similar to
hydrocarbons, silanes are hydrosilicons, molecules that incorporate atoms of
both silicon and hydrogen.
peter_plichta.jpeg
Plichta also studied law, and in the 1980s he studied and researched logics,
numbers theory and mathematics. As a result, he published several books
outlining a new theory on prime numbers in German. In this article however,
I will only discuss his proposal to use silanes as a highly energetic fuel.
Silicon is more abundant than carbon. It oxidizes or combines with oxygen
into silicon dioxide, which forms crystals present in rocks like quartz,
basalt and granite. Silicon dioxide is especially prevalent in sand which
fills deserts and sea shores. We process silicon dioxide into glass and
purify the silicon for use in electronics. Both of those processes require
much external energy input.
Before the 1970s, silanes were considered unsuitable for use as fuels,
because they instantaneously self-combust at room temperature. Not satisfied
to leave it at that however, Plichta went to work and succeeded in
producing longer-chained silanes that appeared as clear, oily liquids and
were stable at room temperature. He argues that these higher (long-chain)
silanes could be used as an abundant fuel as an alternative to both
hydrocarbons and pure hydrogen.
Unlike hydrocarbons, silanes use both the nitrogen and the oxygen in air for
combustion. While the hydrogen component of silanes reacts with oxygen, the
silicon oxidizes in a highly energetic reaction with nitrogen. So the
burning of silanes produces much higher temperatures and frees more energy
than the burning of hydrocarbon fuels. The silane reaction leaves no toxic
residues.
Much of the information in this article comes from a recent description of
Plichta’s discoveries and his proposed silane fuel cycle written by Norbert
Knobloch and published in the German magazine raum&zeit.
Raum_und_Zeit.jpg
If you read German, you can see the original article in pdf format here.
Dr. Plichta’s website, also in German, has much additional information.
– – –
Peter Plichta’s book “Benzin aus Sand” (Gasoline from Sand), first
published in 2001, advocates a change in energy strategy away from burning
hydrocarbons to using the energy potential of silanes or, as I would term
them, hydrosilicates.
benzin-aus-sand_1.jpg
The book, so far only in German, is available from Amazon.
But let’s get down to the nitty gritty details, to get a better idea what
is being proposed and is being discussed, confidentially for now, with
international investors.
Nitrogen oxidizes silicon
Silicon is the most abundant element in the earth’s crust. Combined with
hydrogen, silicon forms what in chemistry are known as “silanes”. Given
sufficient heat, silanes react with the nitrogen in the air. This is a new
discovery. Nitrogen was thought to be inert, as far as combustion is
concerned. So we obviously must re-think the possibilities of combustion.
Silicon makes up 25% of the earth’s crust, while nitrogen makes up 80% of
air. A process that uses silicon/nitrogen combustion in addition to the
known carbon/oxygen cycle, presages some mind boggling new possibilities.
While carbon is also a relatively abundant element, its prevalence is way
lower than that of silicon. The relation is about a hundred to one. In
addition, most of the available carbon is bound up in carbonaceous minerals
such as marble and other carbon-based rocks and some of it is in the
atmosphere as carbon dioxide. Those forms are not available for use in the
combustion cycle. Only one in about a hundred thousand carbon molecules is
bound to hydrogen, making it available for the purpose of combustion. So
while carbon has served us well for the first century and a half of
industrialization, it is a rather limited fuel.
Using 100% of air for combustion
Plichta’s idea was to exchange chains of carbon atoms in hydrocarbons for
chains of silicon in hydrosilicons or silanes. The long chained “higher
silanes” are those with five or more silicon atoms in each molecule. They
are of oily consistency and they give off their energy in a very fast,
highly energetic combustion.
While hydrocarbon-based gasoline only uses oxygen, which makes up 20% of air
, for their combustion, the hydrosilicon-based silanes also use nitrogen,
which makes up the other 80% of air, when they burn. Silanes with chains of
seven or more atoms of silicon per molecule are stable and can be pumped and
stored very much like gasoline and other carbon-based liquid fuels.
The efficiency of combustion depends on the amount of heat that is created.
Expanding gases drive pistons or turbines. When hydrocarbons are burned with
air as the oxidant, efficiency of combustion is limited by the fact that
the 20% of air that partakes in the combustion also has to heat up the
nitrogen gas, which isn’t participating but has to be expanded as well.
When burning silanes, practically all of the air participates directly in
the combustion cycle, making for a much more efficient expansion of all the
gases involved.
Burning silanes
The combustion process of hydrosilicons is fundamentally different from the
exclusively oxygen based combustion we know from burning hydrocarbons. In a
sufficiently hot reaction chamber, silanes separate into atoms of hydrogen
and silicon, which immediately mix with the oxygen and nitrogen of the air.
The hydrogen from the silanes and the air’s oxygen now burn completely
leaving only water vapor, bringing the temperature of the gases close to
2000 degrees C.
Since there is no more oxygen, no silicon oxide can be formed in the
following phase. What happens instead is an extremely energetic reaction of
the 80% nitrogen in the air with the silicon atoms present, that forms a
fine powder called silicon nitride (Si3N4).
For those more technically inclined, taking the example of hexasilane (
Si6H14), here is what the reaction would look like:
2 Si6H14 + 7 O2 + 8 N2 -> 4 Si3N4 + 14 H2O
After this first reaction, a great deal of unreacted nitrogen is still in
the combustion gases, which would now react in a stochiometric combustion as
follows:
4 1/2 Si6H14 + 18 N2 -> 9 Si3N4 + 63 H
Overall, on the input side of the equation we would have:
6 1/2 Si6 H14 + 7 O2 + 26 N2
and on the output side, we get:
14 H2O + 13 Si3N4 + 63 H
The silicon nitride we find in the “exhaust” is the only known noble gas
that exists in solid form, an original discovery by Peter Plichta. That
white powdery stuff is a rather valuable raw material for ceramics.
Wikipedia says that silicon nitride powder will form
“… a hard ceramic having high strength over a broad temperature range,
moderate thermal conductivity, low coefficient of thermal expansion,
moderately high elastic modulus, and unusually high fracture toughness for a
ceramic. This combination of properties leads to excellent thermal shock
resistance, ability to withstand high structural loads to high temperature,
and superior wear resistance. Silicon nitride is mostly used in high-
endurance and high-temperature applications, such as gas turbines, car
engine parts, bearings and metal working and cutting tools. Silicon nitride
bearings are used in the main engines of the NASA’s Space shuttles.”
Rocket fuel for space propulsion
One of the first uses Peter Plichta envisioned for these long-chain
hydrosilicons he discovered was to be a fuel for rockets. Space travel today
is hindered by the immense weight of fuel a rocket has to carry to lift
itself plus the fuel, plus its payload, into space. With a more efficient
combustion process, and an oxidant that could be “scooped up” in the
atmosphere, a disk-shaped craft could be propelled to great speed and
altitude, before having to fall back on a rather small amount of oxidant
that may be carried as liquefied air or liquid nitrogen.
I found a discussion of this on the net, here, which I reproduce below in
shortened and slightly edited form:
http://discaircraft.greyfalcon.us/Richard Miethe.htm“Dr Plichta can use his concepts of cyclic mathematics to effect a revolution in space travel. He has already received several patents for the construction of a disc-shaped reusable spacecraft which will be fueled by the diesel oils of silicon. The special feature of these carbon analog substances is that they do not only burn with oxygen, but also with nitrogen. Such a spacecraft can use the atmosphere for buoyance. Its engines can inhale air and thus do without the standard oxidant reservoir.
Flugscheibe.jpg
In 1970 Peter Plichta disproved the textbook theory that the higher silanes
are unstable. One of his achievements was to create a mixture of silanes
with the chain lengths 5 to 10 (Si5H12 to Si10H22). He also managed to
separate the oil into the individual silanes by of means gas chromatic
analysis. This showed the surprising result that silanes with a chain length
of over 7 silicon atoms will no longer ignite spontaneously and can thus be
used for commercial purposes.
Multi-stage rockets function from the mathematical point of view according
to principles of rocket ascent. At the first stage of the launch they have
to lift their whole weight with the power of fuel combustion. Because they
quickly lose weight as they use up fuel, they then accelerate although the
power of thrust remains the same. The discarded stages are burned in the
atmosphere, which can only be described as a ridiculous waste of money. The
Space Shuttle was intended to make space travel less costly; but actually
the opposite has happened. Just as the invention of the wheel made all human
transport easier, a circular spacecraft will some day soon replace the
linear design of current multi-stage rockets. We are all familiar with the
elegance with which a disc or a Frisbee is borne by the air through which it
flies.
Peter Plichta got the idea of constructing a disc in which jet-turbines
attached to shafts would drive two ring-shaped blade rings rotating in
opposite directions. This will cause the disc to be suspended by the air
just like a helicopter. The craft can then be driven sideways by means of a
drop-down rocket engine. When a speed of over 200 km/h has been reached, the
turbines for the blade rings will be switched off and covered to enhance
the aerodynamic features of the shape. The craft will now be borne by the up
-draught of the air, just like an aircraft is. This will also mean that the
critical power required for rocket ascent will not be necessary. When the
spacecraft accelerates into orbit, the N2/O2 mixture of the air will first
be fed in through a drop-down air intake, as long as the craft is still at a
low altitude of 30 km (1 per cent air pressure). The air will be conducted
to the rocket motor and the craft will thus accelerate to a speed of 5000-
8000 km/h. This is where a standard rocket jettisons its first stage,
because by then about 75% of the fuel has already been used up.
The disc on the other hand will continue to accelerate to 20,000 km/h and
will thus reach an altitude of about 50 km (1 per thousand of air pressure).
The speed will increase as the air pressure drops, so that the process can
be continued until an altitude of about 80 kilometers and 25,000 km/h can be
maintained. In order to reach the required speed of 30,000 km/h and an
altitude of around 300 km, only a relatively small quantity of oxidation
agent will be needed at the end.
In the hot combustion chamber silanes decompose spontaneously into hydrogen
and silicon radicals. The hydrogen is burned by the oxygen in the air and
water formed. Because molecular nitrogen is very tightly bonded, it must be
preheated and subjected to catalytic dissociation. The extremely hot silicon
radicals will provide additional support for this process, which will in
turn lead to silicon nitride being formed. In order to burn superfluous
nitrogen, Mg, Al or Si powder can be added to the silane oil.
When the spacecraft returns from space the ceramic-protected underside of
the disc will brake its speed to approximately 500 km/h. Then the covering
will open again, making the blade rings autorotate. The jet turbines will
then be started for the actual landing operation.
In 2006, Plichta developed a new low-cost procedure for the production of
highly purified silicon. This makes it possibile to hypothesize a more
widespread use of silanes. If widely and cheaply available one day, the new
fuel could be used in turbines and modified internal combustion engines, in
addition to space rocket use.
Large-scale production of silanes
In order to use long-chain silanes as a fuel, the possibility of large scale
production of those silicon oils will have to be experimentally confirmed.
According to Plichta, this process would also involve production of pure
silicon for use in photovoltaic or other industrial applications. High grade
energy is needed to transform silicon oxide into pure silicon, to be
hydrated producing the silanes.
One possibile way to go about this is to use photovoltaic electricity to
disassociate hydrogen and oxygen from water. Those gases could then be used
to process sand into pure silicon and to obtain silanes.
Another procedure, widely used today, is to purify silicon dioxide using
heat from coal, but Plichta has now developed a new process that would use
tar, pitch and bitumen as well as aluminium silicate to produce pure silicon
and silanes at a very low cost. The highly exothermic process produces
large amounts of hydrogen and it involves super heated hydrogen fluoride.
Monosilanes, a by-product of this new process, could be reacted with carbon
dioxide to obtain water and silicon carbide, an extremely hard substance and
industrial raw material.
Details are still confidential. The process is being patented.
Turbines and engines
Since the silane combustion process is substantially different from that of
the hydrocarbons used today, specially designed turbines and engines will be
needed to make use of the new fuel. Dr Plichta has patented a turbine that
would optimally use the silicon-based combustion process.
Turbine_Plichta.jpg
A mixture of silane oil (10) and silicon powder (11) are mixed and injected
by a pump (7) into the main combustion chamber. There the fuel is burned
together with pre-heated air (8). In the secondary combustion chamber (2)
the fuel mix is further burned with a large amound to cold air (9), quickly
lowering the temperature of the gases from about 2000 degrees C to a few
hundred degrees. This brings a large pressure increase. If the silicon
nitride powder produced by the combustion process were too hot and not
diluted with air, it would destroy the turbine blades.
The resulting mixture of gases (H2O, O2, and Si3N4 of oily consistency) is
now able, in the turbine chamber (3), to cause the turbine blades to rotate.
The rotation is transmitted over a connected shaft (5) to the compressor
chamber (4) where air is aspired through air inlets (6). The air is mostly
conducted into the secondary combustion chamber (2) and a small part of it
goes, after heating, to the first combustion chamber (1). The the absorption
of heat by the air also provides needed cooling of the combustion chambers.
The water vapor produced by the combustion process leaves the turbine
through exhaust openings (21) while the cooled down, solid silicon nitride
is trapped in dust bags (20), ready to be passed on for later industrial
uses.
Wankelmotor.jpg
Internal combustion engines of the Otto and Diesel type would suffer
breakdown of lubrication if made to burn silicon oils. The temperatures of
combustion are considerably higher than those reached by gasoline or diesel.
But according to Plichta, the Wankel-type rotary piston motor could be
modified to accomodate the high temperatures. It parts would have to be
coated with silicon nitride ceramics or be entirely constructed using the
even harder silicon carbide.
The silane oils could not be compressed together with air, they would have
to be injected at the point of maximal compression. The silicon nitride
contained in the combusting fuel/air mixture would initially be in gaseous
and liquid form, providing the necessary lubrification and acting as a
sealant. Exhaust gases, still very hot, could be further burned in a turbine
, with the addition of cold air as in the second stage of Plichta’s turbine
design.
Like in the turbine, combustion in this engine would produce small amounts
of silicon nitride in powder form, which would be filtered out from the
exhaust gases and collected by filling stations, to be passed on for
industrial uses.
Solar energy and silanes – closing the circle
Solar energy can be transformed into electricity without much trouble, but
not everything in this technological world can be run with electricity.
Storage is a problem as battery technology definitely is not up to the task
yet. One way around that is to produce hydrogen with solar energy and use
the hydrogen as a fuel. This is problematic because of the volatility and
the relatively low energy density of molecular hydrogen.
Bringing silicon into this cycle would allow us to continue using liquid
fuels where needed, and given that silanes store energy at a higher density
than hydrocarbons, and definitely at a higher density than pure hydrogen,
this may be a good route to choose.
There are no byproducts of this cycle that would have to be vented into the
environment and be destructive. The principal “exhaust gas” from silane
combustion, silicon nitride, is a valuable industrial raw material that can
easily be collected and recycled into technical and construction uses.
In case there would be “too much of a good thing” or an overabundance of
silicon nitride, the powder could also be chemically transformed using
sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or potassium hydroxide (KOH). The transformation
would produce ammonia (NH3) and water soluble silicates. The silicates are
non-toxic and will degrade in ambient air to form sand crystals.
Although ammonia is atoxic gas, since it burns without any toxic residues
and without carbon emission, it could be used in the production of further
energy, or even as a fuel in cars, as proposed by nh3car.com. Burning
ammonia with air produces steam and pure nitrogen.
4 NH3 + 3 O2 -> 2 N2 + 6 H2O
Other uses for ammonia would be the production of nitrogen rich fertilizer,
dynamite or household ammonia which is ammonia diluted in water.
The complete solar/silane cycle would involve the production of pure silicon
from sand, either using solar energy or tars and bitumens. The next step is
the synthesis of higher silanes. Plichta proposes to use a modified high
pressure Muller-Rochow synthesis for this step. Then silanes could be burned
in modified turbines and engines, or used in space propulsion systems. The
fourth step is the re-cycling and re-use of the principal product of
combustion, silicon nitride. What is not used industrially, can be
chemically transformed into ammonia, which again produces nitrogen which was
used in step 3 for combustion.
The pure silicon produced in step 1 would be of use in the production of
more and cheaper solar panels to more efficiently capture the sun’s free
energy. Dr Peter Plichta may be contacted through his website at
http://www.plichta.de/pp24/index.php?option=com_contact&Itemid=7
You can get energy from sand. If you use the trace amounts of thorium found
in each grain of sand. Then use that thorium to fuel a salt based reactor
for nuclear energy.So… the answer is yes. But not the way these guys say it
can be done or used. They are a scam. You need about a 3 billion to
research and develop and another 2 billion to make the reactor. Once you did
? You would have energy from sand. Well sort of. LOL This is what they are
talking about and are trying to make a quick buck from it by LYING!
They are not investing in a new form of energy just a different way of
getting energy from sand. They are investing in a new kind of nuclear power
plant called a salt based reactor..
Note: China is about 5 years away from bringing the worlds 1st Thorium based
salt reactor online. When it is completed. in 2020 It will produce about 3
metric tons of usable rare earth materials a day and power about 400,000
homes and their factories. This is why China is making those islands in the
south china sea. THEY NEED THE SAND!!!
Sand is mainly constituted of silicon oxide (or more correctly Silicon
dioxide) a stable, pH neutral, material/substance. This doesn’t mean it
doesn’t react with anything.
Fuel: a material (such as coal, oil, or gas) that is burned to produce heat
or power (Definition of FUEL)
Burn: to consume fuel and give off heat, light, and gases (Definition of
BURN)
You don’t need oxyen or a reaction with oxygen to have sand “burn”, you
need to couple it with something that more “oxygen-o-vore” than silicon.
Something, that bound with oxygen, will be more thermodynamically stable. To
mention a few you can use: aluminium (Al), magnesium (Mn), sodium (Na),
flourine (F).
If you combine and activate a mixture of glass (possibly in powder form) and
any of the above (also in powder form) they will react producing heat that
you can use either to produce electricity from a thermoelectric device or to
heat water to create work from a thermodynamic cycle (free to choose from
the many available).
Will it be efficient? Unlikely.
Will it be economic? Unlikely.
Could it be interesting? Yes, almost any new process is interesting.
Does this mean that sand is a source of energy? Sort of, but not much energy
and you would still need ti find a way to have the other element in a non-
oxidized powdery form to have it react with the sand and produce energy. My
guess is that you will have a low efficiency. It could be used as a fuel
though, there are esothermic reactions that you could use.
m********3
发帖数: 2125
2
愚人节笑话。

supply
and
single

【在 c*****r 的大作中提到】
: http://truthcdm.com/this-could-be-the-end-for-big-oil/
: This Could be the End for Big Oil
: stunning breakthrough in chemical engineering has unleashed a massive supply
: of fuel…
: Enough fuel, in fact, to power the entire globe for over 36,000 years.
: It’s poised to decimate Big Oil’s obscene profits, make OPEC obsolete, and
: hand the United States 100% energy independence.
: In fact, the U.S. Department of Defense just invested $7 billion in a single
: day…
: Apple, Google, and Facebook are spending billions racing to implement this

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相关话题的讨论汇总
话题: silicon话题: silanes话题: combustion话题: plichta话题: air