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发帖数: 331 | 12 Its gaze fixed on the prize of becoming rich and strong, China has spent the
past 40 years as a risk-averse bully. Quick to inflict pain on smaller
powers, it has been more cautious around any country capable of punching
back. Recently, however, China’s risk calculations have seemed to change.
First Yang Jiechi, the Communist Party’s foreign-policy chief, lectured
American diplomats at a bilateral meeting in Alaska, pointing out the
failings of American democracy. That earned him hero status back home. Then
China imposed sanctions on British, Canadian and European Union politicians,
diplomats, academics, lawyers and democracy campaigners. Those sweeping
curbs were in retaliation for narrower Western sanctions targeting officials
accused of repressing Muslims in the north-western region of Xinjiang.
China’s foreign ministry declares that horrors such as the Atlantic slave
trade, colonialism and the Holocaust, as well as the deaths of so many
Americans and Europeans from covid-19, should make Western governments
ashamed to question China’s record on human rights. Most recently Chinese
diplomats and propagandists have denounced as “lies and disinformation”
reports that coerced labour is used to pick or process cotton in Xinjiang.
They have praised fellow citizens for boycotting foreign brands that decline
to use cotton from that region. Still others have sought to prove their
zeal by hurling Maoist-era abuse. A Chinese consul-general tweeted that
Canada’s prime minister was “a running dog of the us”.
Such performance-nationalism is watched by Western diplomats in Beijing with
dismay. Envoys have been summoned for late-night scoldings by Chinese
officials, to be informed that this is not the China of 120 years ago when
foreign armies and gunboats forced the country’s last, tottering imperial
dynasty to open the country wider to outsiders. Some diplomats talk of
living through a turning-point in Chinese foreign policy. History buffs
debate whether the moment more closely resembles the rise of an angry,
revisionist Japan in the 1930s, or that of Germany when steely ambition led
it to war in 1914. A veteran diplomat bleakly suggests that China’s rulers
view the West as ill-disciplined, weak and venal, and are seeking to bring
it to heel, like a dog.
In Washington and other capitals it is not hard to hear voices suggesting
that China is making rash, clumsy mistakes. Surely China sees that it is
souring public opinion across the West, they murmur. There is puzzlement
about how China now views its recent draft accord with the European Union,
the Comprehensive Investment Agreement, which it had appeared so eager to
conclude. That pact’s ratification by the European Parliament is now on ice
, and possibly entombed in permafrost, as a result of China’s sanctions on
several Euro-legislators.
In reality Chinese leaders, if their own words and writings are any guide,
think that assertiveness is rational. First, they believe that China has
numbers on its side as a world order emerges in which developing countries
demand, and are accorded, more sway. At the un most member states reliably
support China, as an irreplaceable source of loans, infrastructure and
affordable technology, including surveillance kit for nervous autocracies.
Second, China is increasingly sure that America is in long-term,
irreversible decline, even if other Western countries are too arrogant and
racist to accept that “the East is rising, and the West is in decline”, as
Chinese leaders put it. China is now applying calculated doses of pain to
shock Westerners into realising that the old, American-led order is ending.
China’s rulers are majoritarians. Their hold on power involves convincing
most citizens that prosperity, security and national strength require iron-
fisted, one-party rule. They unblushingly put the interests of the many over
those of the few, whether those individuals are farmers evicted to build a
dam, ethnic minorities re-educated to become biddable workers, or dissenters
who must be silenced. China is a hard challenge for liberal democrats
precisely because its tyranny in the name of the majority is backed by lots
of Chinese, albeit at a terrible cost to outliers and minorities. Today,
Chinese ideas about global governance sound like a majoritarian world order.
Ruan Zongze, a scholar at the foreign ministry’s Xi Jinping Diplomatic
Research Centre, explained the official line in a press briefing. He denied
that China wanted to export its values. But he outlined a vision of
multilateralism-by-majority that—by according no special legitimacy to
liberal norms—would be a safe haven for Chinese autocracy. Mr Ruan scorned
governments that “use the pretext of democracy to form alliances”. He
called that “fake multilateralism”, adding that developing countries need
not endure finger-pointing from a West that does not speak for the world. As
engines of global growth, China and other emerging economies should have a
bigger say, he declared. “Those who represent future trends should be the
leading force.”
The majority of the tyrannies
As one European diplomat sees it, at least part of China’s establishment is
convinced that the liberal order established after 1945—built around
universal human rights, norms and rules that bind the strong and weak alike
—is an obstacle to China’s rise. Such revisionists are “convinced that
China will not achieve its goals if it plays by the rules”, he says.
Diplomats describe a China that is hubristic and paranoid. They say some
Chinese officials are convinced that the eu will soon drop its Xinjiang-
related sanctions, because Europe cannot recover from the pandemic without
Chinese growth. Other Chinese officials worry that their country is making
too many enemies, and tell diplomats as much. Alas, they are outnumbered by
those who blame China’s unpopularity on Western resentment of Chinese
success. China’s rulers are duly preparing for a protracted struggle. The
risks are clear, both for China and the West. ■
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