w*********9
发帖数: 548 | 1 12月26日 事实的真相
以前我们分析过，Augusta, GA 只是这个人体基地的一个点，而且我们也追踪到还有一
个点在加州。那么经过更多的分析，显示事实的真相可能是如此。这些地下通道是很久
以前就存在的，是为了战争或避难用的，后来在南北战争中，又充当奴隶逃跑到北方的
通道。那么在后来的后来，就被一些别有用心的人充当了非法活动的场地。而到了80年
代后，日本人就加入进来，把其改造成了一个军事，人体实验基地，成了报复美国的一
种手段。当然，我也强调历史和解，仇恨和解，但要在正确的认知，悔改下的和解。如
果一边在屠杀受害者，一边高谈和解，并千方百计掩盖事情真相的曝光，这不是悔改的
表现，最多是转移了屠杀的目标，我们不能原谅罪恶势力彼此勾结下的和解。根据分析
，这个基地的入口就在Deerfield, ILLinois. 世界每一个人都是这个基地的受害者，
都是这些大药厂的受害者，受害者以亿为单位来计算。你们很可能都在不知不觉中受到
了他们的伤害，请把信息传达到世界每一个角落，让我们一起携手和世界上最邪恶的势
力做顽强的斗争，他们现在还在屠杀无辜的受害者，每天在我家里杀人。请你们和我站
在一起，保卫我！
Baxter International
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Baxter Healthcare)
Baxter International Inc.
Type Public
Traded as NYSE: BAX
S&P 500 Component
Industry Medical equipment
Founded 1931
Headquarters Deerfield, Illinois, U.S.
Key people
José E. Almeida, (Chairman &CEO)
Jay Saccaro, (CFO)
Products Medical supplies to treathemophilia, kidney diseaseand provide
intravenous therapy
Revenue US$16.3B (FY 2014)[1]
Net income US$2.012B (FY 2014)[1]
Total assets US$25.9B (FY 2014)[1]
Total equity US$8.5B (FY 2014)[1]
Number of employees 61,500
Website https://www.baxter.com
Baxter International Inc. is an American health care company with
headquarters in Deerfield, Illinois.[2] The company primarily focuses on
products to treat hemophilia, kidney disease, immune disorders and other
chronic and acute medical conditions. The company had 2013 sales of $16.3
billion, across two businesses: BioScience and Medical Products. Baxter's
BioScience business produces recombinant and blood plasma proteins to treat
hemophilia and other bleeding disorders; plasma-based therapies to treat
immune deficiencies and other chronic and acute blood-related conditions;
products for regenerative medicine, and vaccines. Baxter's Medical Products
business produces intravenous products and other products used in the
delivery of fluids and drugs to patients; inhalational anaesthetics;
contract manufacturing services; and products to treat end-stage renal
disease, or irreversiblekidney failure, including products for peritoneal
dialysis and hemodialysis.[1]
Contents
1History
2Baxter Boys
3Environmental activities
4Structure
4.1Corporate governance
5H1N1 vaccine
6Philanthropy
7Controversies
7.11975 Hemofil - Hepatitis B outbreak
7.21983 Prison Plasma Collection
7.32001 Althane disaster
7.42008 Chinese heparin adulteration
7.52009 Avian flu contamination
7.62009 drug cost inflation
7.72010 Hepatitis C infections
7.82010 infusion pump recall
7.92008–2010 tax dodging
8See also
9References
10External links
History[edit]
Baxter International was founded in 1931 by Donald Baxter, a medical doctor,
as a manufacturer and distributor of intravenous therapy solutions. Baxter'
s interest was bought out in 1935 by Ralph Falk, who established a research
and development function. In 1939 the company developed a vacuum-type
collection container, extending the shelf life of blood from hours to weeks.
In 1954, the company expanded operations outside of the United States by
opening an office in Belgium. In 1956 Baxter International introduced the
first functioning artificial kidney, and in 1971 became a member of the
Fortune 500.
In 1971, Baxter built a major manufacturing plant in Ashdod, Israel and as a
result, the company was placed on the Arab League boycott list in the early
1980s.[3]
Throughout the 1980s and 1990s the company expanded to deliver a wider
variety of products and services (including vaccines, a greater variety of
blood products) through acquisitions of various companies. Sales and
production facilities also expanded throughout the world.[4]
In 1982, Baxter acquired Medcom, Inc., a New York-based firm founded by
Richard Fuisz and his brother, that had large markets in the United States
and Saudi Arabia.[5][6][7]Baxter chief executive Vernon Loucks fired Fuisz
who then brought anti-boycott charges against Baxter to the U.S. Commerce
Department Office of Anti-Boycott Compliance (OAC). Fuisz alleged that
Baxter had sold their profitable Ashdod facility to Teva Pharmaceutical
Industries in 1988[8] while simultaneously negotiating the construction of a
similar plant in Syria in partnership with the Syrian military in order to
be removed from the Arab League blacklist in 1989.[3][9][10] In 1993 Baxter
pleaded guilty to a felony in relation to an anti-boycott law in the United
States.[8][11]
In July 15, 1985, American Hospital Supply Corporation CEO Karl D. Bays and
Baxter's then-CEO Vernon R. Loucks Jr., signed an agreement that merged two
of the United State's "largest producers of medical supplies."[12] This was
a "one-Baxter approach" in which the company provided "70% to 80% of what a
hospital needed."[13]
In 1991, Baxter's home infusion subsidiary, Caremark, "was accused by the
government of paying doctors to steer patients to its intravenous drug
service"[14] In 1992 Caremark spun off from Baxter International.[14]
Caremark was fined $160 million for the "four-year-long federal mail-fraud
and kickback" scheme in which the "home-infusion business unit made weekly
payments to scores of doctors that averaged about $75 per patient for
referring those patients to its services. Some doctors earned as much as $80
,000 a year from the kickbacks, according to government documents."[14]
In 1996, the company entered into a four-way, $640 million settlement with
haemophiliacs 1999 in relation to blood clotting concentrates that were
infected with HIV.[15] Under pressure from shareholders due to poor
performance and an unsuccessful merger, Loucks was forced to resign.[11]:115
Baxter acquired medical device firm Baxa on November 10, 2011.[16] In 2011,
Hikma Pharmaceuticals PLC completed the acquisition of Baxter Healthcare
Corporation's US generic injectables business (Multi-Source Injectables or
MSI).[17][18]
In July 2013, EU antitrust regulators approved Baxter's bid for Sweden's
Gambro.[19]
In March 2014, Baxter announced plans to create two separate, independent
global healthcare companies—one focused on developing and marketing bio-
pharmaceuticals and the other on medical products. The medical products
company retained the name Baxter International Inc. and the bio-
pharmaceuticals company is named Baxalta and spun off as a new public
company that showed on trading boards as of July 1, 2015 CE.[20]
In July 2014, Baxter announced that it was exiting the vaccines business—
divesting its commercial vaccine portfolio to Pfizer (with sale expected to
close by the end of the year) and exploring options for its vaccines R&D
program, including influenza.[21] In October 2015, José E. Almeida was
named Chairman and Chief Executive Officer.[22]
In December 2016, Baxter announced it would acquire Claris Lifesciences
injectables subsidiary, Claris Injectables, for $625 million.[23]
Baxter Boys[edit]
During the tenure of Vernon Loucks who was Baxter's CEO from 1980 to 1998
and chairman from 1987 to 1999, company sales "more than quadrupled to $5.7
billion while its workforce rose from 30,000 to 42,000." During that time,
Loucks hired and groomed a number of staff who went on to become CEOs
elsewhere. Baxter alumni groomed by Loucks included Terry Mulligan of
MedAssets, Lance Piccolo at Caremark, Mike Mussallem of Edwards Lifesciences
Corp and CEOs of Boston Scientific Corp. and Cardinal Health.[13]
Environmental activities[edit]
In 1997, a report produced by the company indicated that changes made to
reduce environmental impacts generated savings that exceeded their cost,
producing a net profit. Reporting was company-wide, with a variety of
aggregation and reporting, including on the company's internet and intranet
sites.[24] The company was an early joiner in the "green and greedy"
movement, which aims to lessen the environmental impacts of manufacturing
its products while saving the company money.[25] In 2009 the company
announced it had reached a variety of its environmentally friendly goals,
and that it would continue to try to reduce waste, emissions, energy use and
environmental incidents over the coming years.[26]
Structure[edit]
Baxter International by businessline[27][28]
Name Focus 2013 sales (In billions) Percentage total sales
BioScience Hemophilia therapy; antibody therapy; critical care therapy;
pulmonology therapy; biosurgery products; vaccines $6.4 43%
Medical Products IV solutions, premixed drugs, infusion pumps and
administration sets; parenteral nutrition products; anesthesia; drug
formulation and pharma partnering; peritoneal dialysis products;
hemodialysis products; continuous renal replacement therapy $10.3 57%
The company had 2014 sales of $16.7 billion, across two businesses:
BioScience (2013 sales - $6.6 billion) and Medical Products ($8.7 billion).[
1] Sales in 2013 were 42% in the United States, 30% in Europe, 16% in Asia
Pacific, 12% in Latin America and Canada. In 2011, Baxter had approximately
61,500 employees. The breakdown of regional employees in 2013 was 36% in the
United States; 34% in Europe; 16% in Asia Pacific; 14% in Latin America and
Canada. In 2013, Baxter International spent more than $1.2 billion on
research and development.[29]
Corporate governance[edit]
In 1953 William Graham became the company's CEO. Vernon Loucks became
president and CEO in 1980. Loucks was forced to resign by shareholders.[11]
When shareholders forced Loucks to resign,[30]
"In January, as Baxter International Inc.'s Vernon Loucks relinquished his
CEO duties after 18 years, directors handed him a special stock-option grant
of 950,000 shares "for the specific purposes of motivating" him "to
implement a smooth transition of his responsibilities." If Mr. Loucks sells
all the 400,000 shares he can exercise at year end and Baxter's stock price
remains at its current level, he will make more than $4 million."
— The Wall Street April 29th, 1999
Loucks was succeeded by Harry Kraemer, who was succeeded by Robert Parkinson
, who took the CEO position in 2004.[4]
H1N1 vaccine[edit]
In June 2009, Baxter International announced it expected to have the first
commercial vaccine for the H1N1 ("swine flu") influenza as early as July of
the same year. The company has been one of several working with the World
Health Organization and United States Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention on the vaccine, and uses a cell-based rather than egg-based
technology that allows a shorter production time.[31]
Philanthropy[edit]
In 2008, Baxter launched [email protected]/* */: Expanding Minds with Real-World
Science, which supports teacher training and student development in
healthcare and biotechnology in Chicago Public Schools.[32]:17
In 2013, the company was included in The Civic 50, a list of the most
community-minded companies in America from The National Conference on
Citizenship and Points of Light, published by Bloomberg.[33]
In 2014, roughly 6,300 Baxter employees volunteered in their communities
through The Baxter International Foundation's Dollars for Doers program,
addressing local concerns such as healthcare, the environment and education.
[34]:104 In 2014, Baxter and The Baxter International Foundation gave over $
50 million.[35]
Baxter was included for the 13th year in Corporate Responsibility magazine's
100 Best Corporate Citizens list in 2014 for its social responsibility
performance.[36]
Controversies[edit]
1975 Hemofil - Hepatitis B outbreak[edit]
In August 1975, Baxter / Travenol withdrew a clotting factor product "
Hemofil" after the product was associated with an outbreak of Hepatitis B.[
37]
1983 Prison Plasma Collection[edit]
Baxter, unbeknownst to the FDA, continued to use prison plasma in factor
concentrate production until October 1983, despite having entered into an
agreement with the FDA (11 months earlier), that they would no longer use US
prison plasma, which posed a high-risk of virus transmission.[38]
2001 Althane disaster[edit]
Main article: Baxter Althane disaster
The Baxter Althane disaster in autumn 2001 was a series of 56 sudden deaths
of renal failure patients in Spain, Croatia, Italy, Germany, Taiwan,
Colombia and the USA (mainly Nebraska and Texas). All had received hospital
treatment with Althane hemodialysis equipment, a product range manufactured
by Baxter International, USA.[39][40]
2008 Chinese heparin adulteration[edit]
Main article: 2008 Chinese heparin adulteration
In 2008, the quality of blood thinning products produced by Baxter was
brought into question when they were linked to 19 deaths in the United
States.[41] Upon inspection, one of the raw ingredients used by Baxter was
found to be contaminated – between 5 and 20 percent – with a substance
that was similar, but not identical, to the ingredient itself. The company
initiated a voluntary recall, temporarily suspended the manufacture of
heparin, and launched an investigation.
Investigation into the contamination has focused on raw heparin produced by
Changzhou Scientific Protein Laboratories, a China-based branch of
Scientific Protein Laboratories, based in Waunakee, Wisconsin. Due to
procedural errors, Changzhou SPL's facilities were never subjected to
inspection by US FDA officials, as required by FDA regulations. In addition,
Changzhou SPL's products were also never certified as safe for use in
pharmaceutical products by Chinese FDA officials, due to Changzhou SPL's
registration as a chemical company rather than a pharmaceutical manufacturer
.[42][43][44] Though Baxter was first to recall heparin because of increased
adverse reactions, after the contaminant was identified and testing
protocols were shared with other manufacturers globally, over a dozen other
companies in nearly a dozen countries issued recalls, which linked back to
certain supply points in China.
2009 Avian flu contamination[edit]
In early 2009, samples of viral material supplied by Baxter International to
a series of European laboratories were found to be contaminated with live
Avian flu virus (Influenza A virus subtype H5N1).[45] Samples of the less
harmful seasonal flu virus (subtype H3N2) were found to be mixed with the
deadly H5N1 strain after a vaccine made from the material killed test
animals in a lab in the Czech Republic. Though the serious consequences were
avoided by the lab in the Czech Republic,[46] Baxter then claimed the
failed controls over the distribution of the virus were 'stringent' and
there was 'little chance' of the lethal virus harming humans.[47]
2009 drug cost inflation[edit]
On July 2, 2009, Kentucky Attorney General Jack Conway announced a
settlement between the state and Baxter Healthcare Corporation, a subsidiary
of Baxter International, worth $2 million. The company had been inflating
the cost of the intravenous drugs sold to Kentucky Medicaid, at times as
much as 1300%.[48]
2010 Hepatitis C infections[edit]
In 2010, a jury in Las Vegas, Nevada ordered Baxter and Teva Pharmaceuticals
to pay $144 million to patients who had been infected with Hepatitis C
after doctors wrongly reused dirty medical supplies to administer propofol
to patients. The jury granted the award, despite the fact that the label for
propofol clearly states that it is for single-patient use only and that
aseptic procedures should be used at all times.[49] Per a 2009 indemnity
agreement between Teva (the manufacturer) and Baxter (acting as a
distributor on behalf of Teva), the litigation and related settlements were
defended and paid by Teva.[50]
2010 infusion pump recall[edit]
In 2010, Baxter was ordered by the FDA to recall all of their Colleague
infusion pumps from the market due to 87 recalls and deaths associated with
the pump.[51]
2008–2010 tax dodging[edit]
In December 2011, the non-partisan organization Public Campaign criticized
Baxter for spending $10.45 million on lobbying and not paying any taxes
during 2008–2010, instead getting $66 million in tax rebates, despite
making a profit of $926 million.[52]
See also[edit]
Chicago portal
Illinois portal
Companies portal
Health and fitness portal
References[edit]
^ a b c d e f "2013 Form 10-K" (PDF).
^ "Contact Us." Baxter International. Retrieved on February 2, 2011. "
Corporate address: One Baxter Parkway Deerfield, IL 60015-4625."
^ a b Feiler, Gil (2005). From Boycott to Economic Cooperation: The
Political Economy of the Arab Boycott of Israel. Frank Cass Publishers. p.
70.
^ a b "History". Baxter International. Archived from the original on June 2,
2009. Retrieved July 8, 2009.
^ Morris, Steven (March 17, 1990). "Baxter Told To Pay Firm $15 Million".
Chicago Tribune.
^ "Fuisz Technologies Ltd Form 10-K (Part III, Item 10)". Edgar Online (Form
10-K). December 31, 1996.
^ Kupper, Thom (January 29, 1992). "'Whistle-blower' Left L.v. For Career".
The Morning Call.
^ a b "The case against Baxter International". Bloomberg. 6 October 1991.
Retrieved17 October 2015.
^ Curtiss, Richard (July–August 1994). "People Watch". Washington Report on
Middle East Affairs. p. 45.
^ Morris, Steven (March 26, 1993). "$6 Million From Baxter". Chicago Tribune.
^ a b c Mintzberg, Henry (2004). Managers Not MBAs: A Hard Look at the Soft
Practice of Managing and Management Development. San Francisco, Calif:
Berrett-Koehler Publishers. ISBN 1-57675-275-5.
^ Crudele, John (16 July 1985). "Baxter's Merger Bid Accepted Published:
July 16, 1985". New York Times. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
^ a b Finkel, Ed (27 March 2006). "Profile of Vernon Loucks Spinning off
success: Loucks helped mentor a cadre of future leaders at Baxter". Modern
Healthcare. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
^ a b c Yates, Ronald E. (19 June 1995). "Caremark Wounds Not Deep Penalty
Could Have Been More Damaging". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
^ Feldman, EA; Bayer R (1999). Blood feuds: AIDS, blood, and the politics of
medical disaster. Oxford University Press. pp. 49–50; 320. ISBN 0-19-
513160-6.
^ "Baxter Int'l finishes $380M Baxa Corp purchase". The Boston Globe.
^ "Hikma Pharmaceuticals Plc Completes Acquisition of Baxter Healthcare
Corporation's Multi-Source Injectables Business". Reuters. Retrieved 3 May
2011.
^ "History". Hikma Pharmaceuticals PLC.
^ Foo Yun Chee (10 July 2013). "EU to clear Baxter's $4 billion buy of
Sweden's Gambro: sources". Reuters.
^ "Baxalta Added and QEP Resources Deleted". sandp500changes.whw1.com. 2015-
07-01. Retrieved 2015-07-01.
^ http://www.baxter.com/press_room/press_releases/2014/07_30_14_vaccines.html
^ Russell, John. "Baxter names new CEO". The Chicago Tribune. The Chicago
Tribune.
^ http://www.genengnews.com/gen-news-highlights/baxter-buys-claris-generic-injectables-subsidiary-for-625m/81253563
^ Bennett M; James P (1999). "The Evolution of Integrated Environmental
Performance Evaluation and Reporting". In Klinkers L; Bennett M; James P.
Sustainable Measures: Evaluation and Reporting of Environmental and Social
Performance. Greenleaf Pubns. pp. 253–282. ISBN 1-874719-16-0.
^ Adelson, G; Engell J; Ranalli B; Van Anglen KP. Environment: An
Interdisciplinary Anthology. Yale University Press. pp. 254–5. ISBN 0-300-
11077-4.
^ "Baxter Cuts GHG Emissions by 21%". Environmentalleader.com. June 19, 2009
.Archived from the original on June 21, 2009. Retrieved July 3, 2009.
^ "Corporate Overview". Baxter International. Archived from the original on
November 20, 2010. Retrieved November 5, 2010.
^ Davis, JA (2003). "Purifying an image: Baxter International and the
Dialyzer Crisis". In Feigenbaum AV. The power of management capital:
utilizing the new drivers of innovation, profitability, and growth in a
demanding global economy. McGraw-HillProfessional. pp. 349–364. ISBN 0-07-
021733-5.
^ "Corporate overview".
^ Schellhardt, Timothy D. (29 April 1999). "To a Pile of CEO Perks, Add the
'Special' Bonus". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 18 October 2015.
^ "Baxter to release flu vaccine in July". United Press International. June
13, 2009.Archived from the original on June 16, 2009. Retrieved July 2, 2009.
^ "Education and Critical Community Needs" (PDF), Baxter, Baxter
sustainability report, 2015, retrieved 18 October 2015
^ The Civic 50 website, 2013 results: http://www.civic50.org/2013_results.php
^ "Employee Involvement" (PDF), Baxter, Baxter sustainability report, 2015,
retrieved18 October 2015
^ "Community Support" (PDF), Baxter, Baxter sustainability report, 2015,
retrieved18 October 2015
^ Baxter press release, "Baxter's Fifteenth Sustainability Report Highlights
Commitment to Innovative Programs and Sustainable Design":http://www.baxter.com/press_room/press_releases/2014/06_25_14_sustainability.html
^ http://health.gov.ie/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Tribunal-of-Inquiry-into-the-Infection-with-HIV-and-Hep-C-of-persons-with-Haemophilia-and-Related-Matters.pdf
^ Class Action Complaint (2004) Case No. C032572 PJH. Page 24.
^ "Baxter Dialyzer Recall". Major Recalls of Organ Replacement Devices.
Retrieved12 October 2013.
^ "Baxter Faces Suit On Dialysis Deaths". New York Times. November 14, 2001.
Retrieved 12 October 2013.
^ "Heparin's Deadly Side Effects". Time magazine. November 13, 2008.
Archivedfrom the original on November 21, 2008. Retrieved November 16, 2008.
^ "Contaminant Found in Blood Thinner", Washington Post (Online edition),
March 5, 2008
^ "Baxter probe focuses on US-owned China plant – WSJ", Reuters, February
15, 2008
^ "China Washes Hands on Heparin Purity", Wall Street Journal (Online
edition) February 27, 2008
^ "Baxter Sent Bird Flu Virus to European Labs by Error". Bloomberg L.P.
February 24, 2009. Retrieved August 8, 2009.
^ "Baxter admits flu product contained live bird flu virus". CTV. The
Canadian Press. 27 February 2009. Retrieved 4 July 2009.[dead link]
^ Jack, A (March 16, 2009). "WHO mulls stricter transport of bio products".
Financial Times. Retrieved June 16, 2009.
^ Tracy, B (July 3, 2009). "Conway Announces Multi-Million Dollar Settlement
With Drug Company". Kentucky Post. E. W. Scripps Company. Retrieved July 3,
2009.
^ Teva, Baxter Will Fight $500 Million in Damages Over Propofol, Business
Week, May 8, 2010
^ 2011 annual report, page 87
^ "FDA Issues Statement on Baxter's Recall of Colleague Infusion Pumps". FDA
. FDA. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
^ Portero, Ashley. "30 Major U.S. Corporations Paid More to Lobby Congress
Than Income Taxes, 2008–2010". International Business Times. Archived from
the original on December 26, 2011. Retrieved December 26, 2011.
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
Deerfield, Massachusetts
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Deerfield, Massachusetts
Town
Post office in Deerfield
Seal
Location in Franklin County in Massachusetts
Coordinates: 42°32′40″N 72°36′22″WCoordinates: 42°32′40″N 72°36′
22″W
Country United States
State Massachusetts
County Franklin
Settled 1673
Incorporated 1677
Government
• Type Open town meeting
Area
• Total 33.4 sq mi (86.6 km2)
• Land 32.4 sq mi (83.9 km2)
• Water 1.1 sq mi (2.8 km2)
Elevation 150 ft (46 m)
Population (2010)
• Total 5,125
• Density 150/sq mi (59/km2)
Time zone Eastern (UTC-5)
• Summer (DST) Eastern (UTC-4)
ZIP code 01342
Area code(s) 413
FIPS code 25-16670
GNIS feature ID 0618162
Website www.deerfieldma.us
Deerfield is a town in Franklin County, Massachusetts, United States. The
population was 5,125 as of the 2010 census.[1] Deerfield is part of the
Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area in western
Massachusetts, lying 30 miles (48 km) north of the city of Springfield.
Deerfield includes the villages of South Deerfield and Old Deerfield which
is home to two museums; Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association and Historic
Deerfield, Inc. Historic Deerfield, Inc. is a museum with a focus on
decorative arts, early American material culture, and history. Its house
museums offer interpretation of society, history, and culture from the
colonial era through the late nineteenth century. Pocumtuck Valley Memorial
Association has Memorial Hall Museum which opened in 1880, as well as the
Indian House Memorial Children's Museum and Bloody Brook Tavern. The
district has been designated a National Historic Landmark and is a center of
heritage tourism in the Pioneer Valley near the Connecticut River.
Deerfield has numerous schools, including Deerfield Academy, a private
secondary preparatory school; Frontier Regional High School; Deerfield
Elementary; and two separate private junior boarding schools, Bement School,
which is co-ed, and Eaglebrook School, which accepts only boys.
Contents
1History
2Geography
3Demographics
4Government
5Education
6Notable people
7Pictures
8References
9External links
History[edit]
Deerfield was the northwesternmost outpost of New England settlement for
several decades during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries.
It occupies a fertile portion of the Connecticut River Valley and was
vulnerable to attack because of its position near the Berkshires highlands.
For these reasons it was the site of intertribal warfare and several Anglo-
French and Indian skirmishes during its early history.[2]
At the time of the English colonists' arrival, the Deerfield area was
inhabited by the Algonquian-speaking Pocumtuck nation, who settled a major
village by the same name. English colonists arrived in 1673, and Deerfield
was incorporated in 1677. Settlement was the result of a court case in which
the government in Boston returned some of Dedham to Native American control
in exchange for land in the new township of Pocumtuck, on which Dedham
residents could settle. The Dedham settlers' agent, John Plympton, signed a
treaty with the Pocumtuck, including a man named Chaulk, who had no
authority to deed the land to the colonists and appeared to have only a
rough idea of what he was signing. Native Americans and the English had
different ideas about property and land use; this, along with competition
for resources, contributed to conflicts between them.
Most of the Pocumtuck were gone by the time the settlers arrived, victims of
disease and war with the Mohawk. The settlers expelled the few who remained
by force; the Pocumtuck in turn sought French protection from colonists in
Canada. At the Battle of Bloody Brook, on September 18, 1675, the
dispossessed Indians destroyed a small force under the command of Captain
Thomas Lathrop before being driven off by reinforcements. Colonial
casualties numbered about 60. At dawn on May 19, 1676, Captain William
Turner led an army of settlers in a surprise retaliatory attack on
Peskeompskut, in present-day Montague, then a traditional native gathering
place. Turner and his men killed 200 natives, mostly women and children.
When the men of the tribe returned, they routed Turner's forces; Turner died
of a mortal wound at Green River.
In the pre-dawn hours of February 29, 1704, during Queen Anne's War, joint
French and Indian forces (including 47 Canadians and 200 Abenaki, along with
some Kanienkehaka (Mohawk), Wyandot, and a few Pocumtuck, all under the
command of Jean-Baptiste Hertel de Rouville) attacked the town in what
became known as the Raid on Deerfield. The settlement was razed and 56
colonists were killed, including 22 men, 9 women, and 25 children. The
attackers took 112 captives, including women and children, and forced them
on a months-long trek to Quebec. Many died along the way; some were killed
because they could not keep up.
Deerfield and other communities collected funds to ransom the captives, and
negotiations were conducted between the colonial governments. When New
England released the French pirate Pierre Maisonnat dit Baptiste, Canada
arranged redemption of numerous Deerfield people, among them the minister
John Williams. He wrote a captivity narrativeabout his experience, which was
published in 1707 and became well known. Because of losses to war and
disease, the Mohawk and other tribes often adopted younger captives into
their tribes. Such was the case with Williams's daughter Eunice, 8 years old
when captured. She became thoroughly assimilated and at age 16 married a
Mohawk man. Most of the Deerfield captives eventually returned to New
England; others remained by choice in French and Native communities, such as
Kahnawake, for the rest of their lives.
As the frontier moved north, Deerfield became another colonial town with an
unquiet early history. In 1753 Greenfield was set off and incorporated.
During the early nineteenth century Deerfield's role in Northeast
agricultural production declined. It was overtaken by the rapid development
of the Midwestern United States as the nation's breadbasket, with
transportation to eastern markets and New York City enhanced by construction
of the Erie Canal.
Sheldon Homestead, c. 1912
During the Colonial Revival movement of the late nineteenth century
Deerfield citizens rediscovered the town's past. Residents founded the
Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association in 1870 and erected monuments to
commemorate various events, including the Bloody Brook and 1704 attacks. In
1890 Charlotte Alice Baker returned to Deerfield to restore her family home,
the Frary House.[3] Baker was assisted by the Boston architectural firm
Shepley, Rutan & Coolidge, and her project was one of the first historic
preservations in western Massachusetts. Today, tourism is the town's
principal industry. Major attractions are Historic Deerfield, a National
Historic Landmark district with eleven house museums and a regional museum
and visitors' center, and the Yankee Candle Company.
An account of the town's early history was written by local historian George
Sheldon and published in the late nineteenth century.[4] By this time South
Deerfield and other New England villages were already absorbing a new wave
of Eastern European immigrants, particularly fromPoland. The new people
influenced Deerfield's demographics and culture. They were mostly Catholic
peasants, who built their own churches and worked first as laborers, forming
a community later known as Old Polonia. Twentieth-century immigrants from
Poland tended to be more educated but settled in the larger cities.
Immigrants in smaller communities followed different paths, and their
descendants often moved to cities for more opportunities.[5]
Geography[edit]
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of
33.4 square miles (86.6 km2), of which 32.4 square miles (83.9 km2) is land
and 1.1 square miles (2.8 km2), or 3.17 percent, is water.[6] Deerfield is
located in the northern Pioneer Valley and is bordered by Greenfield to the
north, Montague to the northeast, Sunderland to the southeast, Whately to
the south, Conway to the west, and Shelburne to the northwest. The town
center is located 8 miles (13 km) south of Greenfield, 29 miles (47 km)
north ofSpringfield, and 93 miles (150 km) west of Boston.
Deerfield's northern point is located at the confluence of the Deerfield and
Connecticut rivers, with the former flowing through the northwest corner of
the town and the latter forming the eastern border of the town. Several
brooks and the Mill River also flow through the town. North Sugarloaf
Mountain rises above the Connecticut in the southeast corner, providing a
panoramic view of the valley and the town center. The Pocumtuck Range rises
along the eastern side of town north of Sugarloaf.
Interstate 91 passes from south to north through the central part of town,
crossing the Deerfield River near the river's southernmost bend. The
interstate is paralleled by U.S. Route 5 and Massachusetts Route 10, which
run concurrently through the town. Route 116 also passes through town,
combining with Routes 5 and 10 for a one-mile stretch, briefly passing into
Whately before separating and crossing through the southern part of town and
over the Connecticut River at the Sunderland Bridge. All three routes
historically crossed through the center of the village prior to the
construction of I-91 but were rerouted to a more direct route closer to the
highway.
A portion of the Springfield Terminal freight rail line passes through the
town before branching off eastward and westward around Greenfield. The
nearest Amtrak passenger service is in Springfield; a stop in Greenfield is
under construction as part of the rerouting of Amtrak's Vermonter route.
Deerfield has bus service through Peter Pan Bus Lines; the nearest small air
service is in Gill and Northampton. The nearest national air service is
Bradley International Airport in Windsor Locks, Connecticut.
Demographics[edit]
Historical population
Year Pop. ±%
1840 1,934 —
1850 2,421 +25.2%
1860 3,073 +26.9%
1870 3,632 +18.2%
1880 3,543 −2.5%
1890 2,910 −17.9%
1900 1,969 −32.3%
1910 2,209 +12.2%
1920 2,803 +26.9%
1930 2,882 +2.8%
1940 2,684 −6.9%
1950 3,086 +15.0%
1960 3,338 +8.2%
1970 3,850 +15.3%
1980 4,517 +17.3%
1990 5,018 +11.1%
2000 4,750 −5.3%
2010 5,125 +7.9%
Source: United States Censusrecords and Population Estimates Programdata.[7]
[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]
As of the census[17] of 2000, there were 4,750 people, 1,965 households, and
1,310 families residing in the town. Deerfield ranked 4th of the 26 towns
in Franklin County by population and 247th of the 351 cities and towns in
Massachusetts. The population density was 147.1 people per square mile (56.8
/km2), which ranked 5th in the county and 269th in the Commonwealth. There
were 2,060 housing units at an average density of 63.8 per square mile (24.6
/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.24 percent White, 0.48 percent
African American, 0.11 percent Native American, 0.86 percent Asian, 0.48
percent from other races, and 0.82 percent from two or more races. Hispanic
or Latino of any race were 1.56 percent of the population.
There were 1,965 households, out of which 28.4 percent had children under
the age of 18 living with them; 54.9 percent were married couplesliving
together, 8.4 percent had a female householder with no husband present, and
33.3 percent were nonfamilies. Individuals made up 26.1 percent of all
households, and 9.3 percent had someone living alone 65 years of age or
older. The average household size was 2.41, and the average family size was
2.92.
The population by age was spread out, with 22.5 percent under the age of 18,
5.7 percent ages 18 to 24, 28.7 percent ages 25 to 44, 29.3 percent ages 45
to 64, and 13.8 percent 65 or older. The median age was 41 years. For every
100 females there were 97.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over
there were 93.6 males.
The median income for a household was $49,764, and the median income for a
family was $64,909. Males had a median income of $40,413 versus $31,069 for
females. The per capita income for the town was $24,555. About 2.2 percent
of families and 4.5 percent of the population were below the poverty line,
including 4.3 percent of those under age 18 and 6.5 percent of those age 65
or over.
Government[edit]
Deerfield employs the open town meeting form of government and is led by a
board of selectmen. The town has its own police, fire, and public works
departments. The fire department and the post office both have two branches,
in South Deerfield (where most of the town offices are) and in Old
Deerfield Village, near Memorial Hall and the Old Town Hall. The town's
Tilton Library is connected to the regional library network and is located
in South Deerfield. The nearest hospital, Franklin Medical Center, is
located in Greenfield, as are many regional state offices.
Deerfield is represented in the Massachusetts House of Representatives by
the First Franklin district, which includes the southeastern third of
Franklin County and towns in north central Hampshire County. The town is
represented in the Massachusetts Senate by the Hampshire and Franklin
district, which includes much of eastern Franklin and Hampshire Counties.[18
] The town is patrolled by the Second (Shelburne Falls) Barracks of Troop B
of theMassachusetts State Police.[19]
Deerfield is represented in the United States House of Representatives as
part of Massachusetts's 2nd congressional district and has been represented
by Jim McGovern ofWorcester. Massachusetts is currently represented in the
United States Senate by senators Ed Markey and Elizabeth Warren.
Education[edit]
Deerfield is the central member of Frontier Regional and Union 38 School
Districts, which also includes Conway, Whately, and Sunderland. Each town
operates its own elementary school, with Deerfield Elementary School serving
the town's students from kindergarten through sixth grades. All four towns
send seventh through twelfth grade students to Frontier Regional School in
the town. Frontier's athletics teams are nicknamed the Red Hawks, and the
team colors are red and blue. There are many art programs available during
and after school at Frontier. Private schools in the town include the Bement
School (a coeducational boarding school for grades K-9), the Eaglebrook
School (a private boys' boarding school for grades 6-9), and Deerfield
Academy, a private school for grades 9-12. There are other private schools
in the Deerfield area.
The nearest community college, Greenfield Community College, is located in
Greenfield. The nearest state colleges are Massachusetts College of Liberal
Arts in North Adams andWestfield State College; the nearest state university
is the University of Massachusetts Amherst. The nearest private colleges,
including members of the Five Colleges and Seven Sisters, are located to the
southeast in the Northampton area.
Notable people[edit]
Frank Boyden 1879–1972), founder and headmaster of Deerfield Academy
Francis John Higginson (1843–1931), Rear Admiral in U.S. Navy, raised in
Deerfield
George Sheldon (preservationist) (1818–1916), Deerfield town historian and
justice of the peace
Jennie Maria Arms Sheldon (1852-1938), curator of Deerfield's Memorial Hall
Museum
John Williams (1817–1899), Episcopal bishop, born in Deerfield
Pictures[edit]
Frary House c. 1905
Old Main Street c. 1910
Post Office c. 1910
Mountain Road c. 1910
References[edit]
^ "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010
Demographic Profile Data (DP-1): Deerfield town, Franklin County,
Massachusetts". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Retrieved August 27
, 2012.
^ National Geographic Society (1997). Exploring America's Historic Places.
National Geographic Society.
^ Coleman, Emma Lewis (1912). A Historic and Present Day Guide to Old
Deerfield, p. 54. Boston: Emma Lewis Coleman
^ Sheldon, George (1896). A History of Deerfield, Massachusetts. Greenfield,
Massachusetts: E. A. Hall & Co.
^ Elzbieta M. Gozdziak, "Eastern Europeans", in David W. Haines, (ed.), (
1996).Refugees in America in the 1990s: A Reference Handbook, pp. 124-130.
Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Publishing Group
^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Deerfield
town, Franklin County, Massachusetts". U.S. Census Bureau, American
Factfinder. RetrievedAugust 27, 2012.
^ "TOTAL POPULATION (P1), 2010 Census Summary File 1". American FactFinder,
All County Subdivisions within Massachusetts. United States Census Bureau.
2010.
^ "Massachusetts by Place and County Subdivision - GCT-T1. Population
Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
^ "1990 Census of Population, General Population Characteristics:
Massachusetts"(PDF). US Census Bureau. December 1990. Table 76: General
Characteristics of Persons, Households, and Families: 1990. 1990 CP-1-23.
Retrieved July 12, 2011.
^ "1980 Census of the Population, Number of Inhabitants: Massachusetts" (PDF
). US Census Bureau. December 1981. Table 4. Populations of County
Subdivisions: 1960 to 1980. PC80-1-A23. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
^ "1950 Census of Population" (PDF). Bureau of the Census. 1952. Section 6,
Pages 21-10 and 21-11, Massachusetts Table 6. Population of Counties by
Minor Civil Divisions: 1930 to 1950. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
^ "1920 Census of Population" (PDF). Bureau of the Census. Number of
Inhabitants, by Counties and Minor Civil Divisions. Pages 21-5 through 21-7.
Massachusetts Table 2. Population of Counties by Minor Civil Divisions:
1920, 1910, and 1920. Retrieved July 12,2011.
^ "1890 Census of the Population" (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census
Office. Pages 179 through 182. Massachusetts Table 5. Population of States
and Territories by Minor Civil Divisions: 1880 and 1890. Retrieved July 12,
2011.
^ "1870 Census of the Population" (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census
Office. 1872. Pages 217 through 220. Table IX. Population of Minor Civil
Divisions, &c. Massachusetts. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
^ "1860 Census" (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. 1864.
Pages 220 through 226. State of Massachusetts Table No. 3. Populations of
Cities, Towns, &c. Retrieved July 12, 2011.
^ "1850 Census" (PDF). Department of the Interior, Census Office. 1854.
Pages 338 through 393. Populations of Cities, Towns, &c. Retrieved July 12,
2011.
^ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
^ List of Massachusetts Legislators by City and Town
^ Station B-2, SP Shelburne Falls, Executive Office of Public Safety,
Massachusetts State Gov.
Deerfield, Illinois
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Deerfield
Village
Deerfield Historic Village
Motto: "The community that lives and works together"
Country United States
State Illinois
County Lake
Township West Deerfield
Coordinates 42°10′6″N 87°51′5″WCoordinates: 42°10′6″N 87°51′5
″W
Area 5.62 sq mi (15 km2)
- land 5.58 sq mi (14 km2)
- water 0.04 sq mi (0 km2)
Population 18,225 (2010)
Density 3,313/sq mi (1,279/km2)
Founded 1903
Mayor Harriet Rosenthal
Timezone CST (UTC-6)
- summer (DST) CDT (UTC-5)
ZIP code 60015
Area codes 847, 224
Location of Deerfield within Illinois
Wikimedia Commons: Deerfield, Illinois
Website: www.deerfield-il.org
Deerfield is a village in Lake County, Illinois, United States,
approximately 25 miles north of Chicago. The population was 18,225 at
the2010 census, a decline of 175 from 2000.
Deerfield is home to the headquarters of Walgreens, Baxter Healthcare,
Business Technology Partners, APAC Customer Services, Fortune Brands, Takeda
Pharmaceuticals, Consumers Digest, and Mondelēz International. Deerfield
High School is one of the top high schools in the state, ranking #5 in 2012.
[1]
Deerfield is represented by the 10th Congressional District of Illinois (
Republican Robert Dold), 29th District of the Illinois Senate(Democrat Julie
Morrison) and the 58th District of the Illinois House of Representatives (
Democrat Scott Drury).
Contents
1Geography
2Demographics
3History
4Deerfield Historic Village
5Shopping districts
6Athletics
7Government and infrastructure
8Economy
8.1Corporate headquarters
8.2Offices of foreign companies
8.3Top employers
9Cityscape
10Education
11Sister city
12Notable people
13Popular culture
14Transportation
15References
16Further reading
17External links
Geography[edit]
According to the 2010 census, Deerfield has a total area of 5.62 square
miles (14.56 km2), of which 5.58 square miles (14.45 km2) (or 99.29%) is
land and 0.04 square miles (0.10 km2) (or 0.71%) is water.[2]
Demographics[edit]
Historical population
Census Pop. %±
1910 476 —
1920 610 28.2%
1930 1,852 203.6%
1940 2,283 23.3%
1950 3,288 44.0%
1960 11,786 258.5%
1970 18,876 60.2%
1980 17,432 −7.6%
1990 17,327 −0.6%
2000 18,420 6.3%
2010 18,225 −1.1%
Est. 2015 19,019 [3] 4.4%
U.S. Decennial Census[4]
As of the census[5] of 2000, there were 18,420 people, 6,420 households, and
5,161 families residing in the village. The population density was 3,359.4
people per square mile (1,297.8/km2). There were 6,518 housing units at an
average density of 1,188.7 per square mile (459.2/km2). The racial makeup of
the village was 95.88% White, 0.33% African American, 0.04% Native American
, 2.52%Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.43% from other races, and 0.77% from
two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.69% of the
population.
There were 6,420 households out of which 43.9% had children under the age of
18 living with them, 73.0% were married couples living together, 6.0% had a
female householder with no husband present, and 19.6% were non-families. 17
.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 8.6% had someone
living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size
was 2.81 and the average family size was 3.21.
In the village the population was spread out with 30.6% under the age of 18,
3.7% from 18 to 24, 26.8% from 25 to 44, 26.0% from 45 to 64, and 13.0% who
were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100
females, there are 93.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there
were 88.5 males.
The median income for a household in the village was $107,194, and the
median income for a family was $118,683. Males had a median income of $90,
226 versus $48,450 for females. The per capita income for the village was $
50,664. About 1.3% of families and 1.6% of the population were below the
poverty line, including 2.1% of those under age 18 and 1.8% of those age 65
or over.
History[edit]
Originally populated by the Potawatomi Native Americans, the area was
settled by Horace Lamb and Jacob B. Cadwell in 1835 and named Cadwell's
Corner. A shopping center located on the site of Cadwell's farm at Waukegan
Road and Lake Cook Road still bears that name. The area grew because of the
navigable rivers in the area, notably the Des Plaines River and the Chicago
River. By 1840, the town's name was changed to Leclair. Within a decade,
settler John Millen proposed a further name change to Deerfield in honor of
his hometown, Deerfield, Massachusetts and the large number of deer living
in the area. At the time, the alternate name for the village on the ballot
was Erin. Deerfield won by a vote of 17-13.[6]The village's first school,
Wilmot School, was founded in 1847. Originally a one-room schoolhouse,
Wilmot is now an elementary school which serves 548 students. It is located
on land donated by Lyman Wilmot, whose wife, Clarissa, was the village's
first school teacher.[6] The village was incorporated in 1903[7] with a
population in the low 400s.
In the 1850s, the Deerfield home of Lyman Wilmot served as a stop on the
Underground Railroad as escaped slaves attempted to get to Canada.[6]
In a 1917 design by Thomas E. Tallmadge of the American Institute of
Architects, Deerfield (and adjacent Highland Park) served as the center for
a new proposed capital city of the United States.[6] By that year, all of
Deerfield's original farms had been converted either to residential areas or
golf courses.[6]
Pickens Memorial Plaque.
On May 26, 1944, a US Navy plane crashed in Deerfield on the current site of
the Deerfield Public Library, killing Ensign Milton C. Pickens.[8]Following
World War II, a portion of Waukegan Road (Route 43) that runs through
Deerfield has been designated a Blue Star Memorial Highway.[9]
In 1959, when Deerfield officials learned that a developer building a
neighborhood of large new homes planned to make houses available toAfrican
Americans, they issued a stop-work order. An intense debate began about
racial integration, property values, and the good faith of community
officials and builders. For a brief time, Deerfield was spotlighted in the
national news as "the Little Rock of the North."[10]Supporters of
integration were denounced and ostracized by angry residents. Eventually,
the village passed a referendum to build parks on the property, thus putting
an end to the housing development. Two model homes already partially
completed were sold to village officials.[10]The remaining land lay dormant
for years before it was developed into what is now Mitchell Pool and Park
and Jaycee Park. At the time, Deerfield's black population was 12 people out
of a total population of 11,786.[11] This episode in Deerfield's history is
described in But Not Next Door by Harry and David Rosen, both residents of
Deerfield.
Since the early 1980s, Deerfield has seen a large influx of Jews, Asians,
and Greeks, giving the community a more diverse cultural and ethnic makeup.[
11]
On June 27, 1962, ground was broken by Kitchens of Sara Lee (now Sara Lee
Corporation) for construction of the world's largest bakery. The plant,
located on the current site of Coromandel Condominiums on Kates Road, began
production in 1964 using state-of-the-art materials handling and production
equipment. It was billed as the world's first industrial plant with a fully
automated production control system. President Ronald Reagan visited the
plant in 1985. The plant closed in 1990 as Sara Lee consolidated production
inTarboro, North Carolina.[12] By 1991, headquarters employees had moved to
downtown Chicago. In 2007, Sara Lee severed its final tie to its former home
town with the closure of the Sara Lee Bakery Outlet Store.
In 1982, Deerfield began an experiment with a community farm.[7] Two hundred
residents applied for plots on a 3-acre (12,000 m2) community garden. The
project had such a strong initial success that the village opened additional
community farms on vacant land in the village.
On December 19, 2005, the village board passed a strict anti-smoking
ordinance. The law bans smoking in all public places, including businesses,
bars, restaurants, parks, parade routes, public assemblies, and within 25
feet (7.6 m) from any of the above.[13]
In November 2007, BusinessWeek.com listed Deerfield third in a list of the
50 best places to raise children.[14] The rankings were based on five
factors: school test scores, cost of living, recreational and cultural
activities, number of schools and risk of crime. Deerfield ranked behind
Groesbeck, Ohio, and Western Springs, Illinois.
In 2015, a plan to rezone a parcel of land originally zoned for single-
family homes, in order to allow the construction of a 48-unit affordable
apartment building complex, was proposed. The plan was met with a baffling
mixture of resistance and support by residents.[15]
Deerfield Historic Village[edit]
Caspar Ott Cabin, 1837.
Located in front of Kipling Elementary School is the Deerfield Historic
Village, founded and maintained by the Deerfield Area Historical Society,
this outdoor museum consists of five historic buildings and includes the
headquarters for the Deerfield Historical Society.[16]
The Historic Village includes the Caspar Ott House, considered to be the
oldest building in Lake County, built in 1837. It was restored by Bob
Przewlocki.[17] The George Luther House (1847) now includes the Society's
offices and Visitor Center. The Bartle Sacker Farmhouse (1854) is a typical
19th century home. While those buildings are all original (although
relocated from their original sites), the carriage house and little red
school house are replicas.[16] Each year, all fourth graders in district 109
spend a day learning in the school house.[16][18]
Shopping districts[edit]
In 1998, a significant portion of the Deerfield downtown area (comprising a
then-outdated shopping center called the Deerfield Commons and the former
Deerfield Savings and Loan) was demolished and replaced with a new outdoor
shopping district, Deerfield Square, sometimes called "The Square" or "The
Commons" by some Deerfield residents. This district is composed of shopping
stores, restaurants, and workout facilities, such as Barnes & Noble, Biaggi'
s Ristorante Italiano, Footloose, Potbelly Sandwich Shop, CorePower Yoga,
Whole Foods Market, and Pure Barre. In addition to merchandising space,
Deerfield Square includes office space and an outdoor plaza which is used
during the summer for free outdoor concerts.
Along the border with Northbrook, Deerbrook Mall opened in 1971. It includes
both an indoor and outdoor shopping area- the last store located inside the
mall was TJ Maxx which moved to Northbrook in 2014, finally allowing the
interior of the mall to close. Near Deerbrook Mall is Cadwell's Corners, a
small outdoor mall that carries the village's original name. Cadwell's
Corners was mostly empty of stores by 2011, and the Deerfield Public Library
selected the location for a temporary library during renovation of their
original building.[19]Since Fresh Thyme moved in in June 2014, Cadwell's
Corners has filled in.[20]
Athletics[edit]
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message)
During both the 1982 and 1987 NFL players' strikes, Deerfield High School
served as the practice field for the Chicago Bears players locked out of
Halas Hall.
The Chicago Bulls' former practice facility, the Berto Center, is in
Deerfield. Previously, the Bulls practiced at the Multiplex, which was
closed for many years and reopened in 2009 by the Deerfield Park District as
the Sachs Recreation Center. A number of current and past Bulls players and
staff have subsequently lived in Deerfield, including Will Perdue, John
Paxson, and Ron Artest. The Bulls decided to upgrade from the Berto Center
where they held their training and operations from 1992 to 2014 and
relocated to the new Advocate Center in the Fall of 2014 which is located
adjacent to the United Center as more Players and Staff were moving and
living within the City limits of Chicago.
Government and infrastructure[edit]
The village hall is called the Bernard Forrest Deerfield Village Hall.[21]
The United States Postal Service operates the Deerfield Post Office.[22]
Economy[edit]
In 1982 a 324-acre (131 ha) tax-increment-financing district opened along
Lake-Cook Road, spurring business development. As of 1987 the office leasing
activity in Deerfield increased tremendously, and throughout the 1980s
office buildings were developed along Lake-Cook Road, between Interstate 294
and Waukegan Road. Two hotels, an Embassy Suites and a Hyatt, opened during
the era to accommodate the increased business traffic. Factors augmenting
the establishment of businesses along the corridor included the opening of
the district, the abundance of vacant land, and the corridor's proximity to
the Chicago Loop and O'Hare International Airport.[23]
Corporate headquarters[edit]
Deerfield is home to the headquarters of Baxter Healthcare,[24] Beam,[25]
Big Apple Bagels,[26] CF Industries,[27] Consumers Digest,[28] Così,[29]
Fortune Brands Home & Security,[30]Mondelēz International, United
Stationers,[31] and Walgreens Boots Alliance,[32] As of 2009 Walgreens
employed 5,200 people at its headquarters.[33] As of 2003 Baxter employed a
total of 1,000 employees in its headquarters and in other offices in
Deerfield.[34]
Deerfield was at one time the bakery division headquarters of the Sara Lee
Corporation.[35] In 1987 Sara Lee had about 1,200 employees in Deerfield. In
1990, the Deerfield Sara Lee plant and bakery headquarters was closed, and
the land was sold to developers.[35] During 1987, Baxter Travenol (later
Baxter International) had about 1,500 employees and Walgreens, then in an
unincorporated area near Deerfield, had about 1,100 employees.[23]
Offices of foreign companies[edit]
Deerfield houses the headquarters of some U.S. subsidiaries of Takeda
Pharmaceutical Company, including Takeda Pharmaceuticals North America, Inc.
,[36] Takeda Pharmaceuticals International, Inc.,[37] and Takeda Global
Research & Development Center, Inc.[38]
Top employers[edit]
According to Deerfield's 2012 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[39] the
top employers in the city are:
# Employer # of Employees
1 Walgreens 3,500
2 Baxter International 2,371
3 Takeda Pharmaceutical 1,500
4 Fortune Brands Home & Security/Beam Inc. 1,375
5 Kinetek 1,100
6 Illinois Student Assistance Commission 550
7 Deerfield School District 109 412
8 Astellas Pharma 400
9 Elexa Consumer Products 350
10 Township High School District 113 280
Cityscape[edit]
As of 1987 Deerfield was mostly made up of single-family houses. As of that
year the resale prices of Deerfield houses ranged from $100,000 to $300,000.
43.5% of the town's land consisted of single-family houses, while 1.1%
contained multi-family housing. As of that year little of the remaining land
was available for further residential development.[23]
Education[edit]
Deerfield is served by Deerfield Public Schools School District 109, which
operates four public elementary schools (Kipling, South Park, Walden, and
Wilmot) and two public middle schools (Caruso and Shepard).[40] The village
is also home to one Roman Catholic school (Holy Cross School), one
Conservative Jewish school (Rochelle Zelle Jewish Hishschool/Chicagoland
Jewish High School), and two Montessori schools. The majority of Deerfield's
children go on to attend Deerfield High School; however, a small portion
attend Highland Park High School (both of which comprise School District 113
).
At one time, District 109 contained as many as eight elementary schools.
However, Maplewood, Woodland Park, Briarwood, and Cadwell. (the original
Deerfield Grammar School located on Deerfield Road was torn down to build
the District Offices) were all closed beginning in the 1970s through the
1980s and their students absorbed by the four larger, remaining elementary
schools.
Trinity International University, a private Christian university, is
headquartered in Deerfield.[41][42]
Sister city[edit]
Deerfield has one sister city:[43]
Lüdinghausen, Germany
Notable people[edit]
Robert Bell, Chicago's Bozo the Clown[44]
Dean Bernardini is a rock musician for the band Chevelle.[45]
Barry Bradford, teacher, author, helped reopen Mississippi Burning and Clyde
Kennard cases; National Teacher Of The Year,[46] winner of Golden Apple
Award for Excellence In Teaching,[47] Presidential Citation for Civilian
Service.[48]
Brian Bram, artist for American Splendor[49]
Colt Cabana, professional wrestler[50]
Duje Dukan, NBA basketball player for the Sacramento Kings
Cory Everson, a fitness model and bodybuilder, lived in Deerfield as a
teenager[51]
T. C. Furlong, guitarist, co-founder of the Jump 'N the Saddle Band, and
producer of "The Curly Shuffle"[49]
Gale Gand, pastry chef, Food Network personality, cookbook author, and
winner of the 2001 James Beard award[49]
Paul Hamer, company co-founder of Hamer Guitars[49]
Pete Jones, first winner of HBO's Project Greenlight, writer/director of
Stolen Summer[52]
Bryan Jurewicz, lineman for the Wisconsin Badgers
Lindsay Knapp, offensive lineman for Green Bay Packers, played in Super Bowl
XXXI[53]
Fred Meyer, chairman of the Republican Party of Texas, 1988 to 1994, born in
Deerfield in 1927[54]
Aaron Moorehead, receiver for the Indianapolis Colts[55]
Bruce Rauner, 42nd Governor of Illinois (2015-)[56]
The Redwalls, a four-piece rock band[57]
James Saric, National Fresh Water Fishing Hall of Fame inductee.[58]
Art Shay, prolific photojournalist, lived in Deerfield for 50 years[59]
Jonnie Stewart, former professional wrestler and candidate for the United
States Congress.[60]
Curt Teich, 20th-century postcard photographer and manufacturer[61]
Fred L. Turner, retired chairman and former CEO of McDonald's Corp.[citation
needed]
Daniel Walker, 36th governor of Illinois (1973-1977)[62]
Edwin F. Weigle, photographer for Chicago Tribune during First World War,
lived and died in Deerfield
Popular culture[edit]
In 1979, Deerfield created a "No-Kissing Zone" at the local train station in
response to complaints about traffic jams at the station caused by couples
taking too long to kiss their goodbyes at the drop-off point.[63] The "No-
Kissing" signs (patterned after international traffic signs) attracted
national attention and were featured in Time magazine and ABC's AM America (
precursor to "Good Morning America"). A Deerfield family appearing on the
game show Family Feud presented Richard Dawson with replica pins of the
signs.
In the 1980s, Deerfield and other North Shore communities inspired the teen
films of director/screenwriter John Hughes. The fictional Shermer, Illinois,
included elements of Deerfield and neighboring Northbrook and Highland Park.
A number of media properties have been set and/or filmed Deerfield,
including television drama Once and Again,[64] comedy Married... with
Children[65] and portions of reality showAmerican High.[66] In film, the
Deerfield train station is shown in the film Risky Business,[67] and Stolen
Summer[68] used various parts of the village.
The village was identified as the hometown of Kitty Pryde in the X-Men
comics.[69]
Deerfield also figures in the musical Dear Edwina, written by Marcy Heisler,
a Deerfield native, and Zina Goldrich. The fictional protagonist lives at
427 Birchwood Avenue in Deerfield. Although the play is set in Paw Paw,
Michigan, much of it (including the address) is inspired by Heisler's
hometown, Deerfield.[citation needed]
In 2010, the History Channel's documentary The Crumbling of America
mentioned Deerfield in a discussion of frequent blackouts that residents
experienced over 2000 times from 2000 to 2009.[70]
Transportation[edit]
Deerfield has two Metra stations connecting it to downtown Chicago, both on
the Milwaukee District/North Line.
References[edit]
^ "Top 50 high schools in Chicagoland". Chicago Tribune. October 31, 2012.
^ "G001 - Geographic Identifiers - 2010 Census Summary File 1". United
States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2015-08-02.
^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places:
April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2015". Retrieved July 2, 2016.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Archived from the original
on May 11, 2015. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the
originalon 2013-09-11. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
^ a b c d e Reichelt, Marie Ward (1928). History of Deerfield. Glenview
Press.
^ a b ""Small Town" Deerfield Kisses and Tills". Chicago Tribune. 1982-05-09
. pp. N–B1C.
^ "Glenview Plane Falls in Garden; Ensign is Killed". Chicago Daily Tribune.
1944-05-27. p. 6.
^ Blue Star Memorial Highway plaque located at intersection of Waukegan Road
and Hazel Avenue
^ a b Rosen, Harry; David Rosen (1962). But Not Next Door. Astor-Honor Inc.
ISBN 0-8392-1007-8.
^ a b "Deerfield, IL". Encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org. Retrieved 2016-02-26.
^ "Sara Lee / Our History". Sara Lee Corp. website. 2008. Retrieved 2008-07-
29.
^ "Deerfield Passes Smoking Ban". ABC7 Chicago. 2005-12-19. Retrieved 2007-
07-14.
^ MacMillan, Douglas (2007-11-16). "Great Places to Raise Kids -- for Less".
BusinessWeek.com.
^ Berkowitz, Karen (May 15, 2015). "Affordable Zion Woods apartments draw
swift opposition - Deerfield Review". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 30 November
2015.
^ a b c "Deerfield Historic Village". Deerfield Area Historical Society
Website. Deerfield Historical Society. 2002. Retrieved 2008-05-06.
^ Holmes, Deborah; Bob Przewlocki (2007). "Log House Revival". Old House Web
. Old House Web. Retrieved 2008-05-06.
^ "Community - Historical Society". Village of Deerfield Website. Village of
Deerfield. 2002. Archived from the original on 2008-04-24. Retrieved 2008-
05-06.
^ Sadin, Steve (2012-06-02). "Library Picks Temporary Site". Deerfield Patch
. Retrieved 2012-06-02.
^ "Deerfield, IL News - Deerfield Review". Deerfield.chicagotribune.com.
Retrieved2016-02-26.
^ "Bernard Forrest Deerfield Village Hall image" (JPG). Deerfield.il.us.
Retrieved2016-02-26.
^https://web.archive.org/web/20101021033915/http://usps.whitepages.com/service/post_office/deerfield-707-osterman-ave-deerfield-il-1360533. Archived from the original on October 21, 2010. Retrieved February 3, 2011. Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ a b c Little, Anne. "TAKING A CORRIDOR TO SUCCESS DEERFIELD'S ECONOMY
BOOMING WITH OFFICE BUILDINGS." Chicago Tribune. July 8, 1987. Deerfield/
Northbrook 5. Retrieved on February 2, 2011. "Sara Lee is one of Deerfield's
major employers with about 1200 employees[...]" and "Other major employers
include Baxter Travenol with about 1,500 employees, and the corporate
headquarters of Walgreen Co., which is in an unincorporated area on the
western side of Deerfield, with about 1,100."
^ "Contact Us." Baxter International. Retrieved on February 2, 2011. "
Corporate address: One Baxter Parkway Deerfield, IL 60015-4625."
^ [dead link] "Beam Inc. Begins Life as a Pure-Play Spirits Industry Leader"
.Business Wire (via Yahoo! Finance). October 4, 2011.
^https://web.archive.org/web/20140325190147/http://www.bigapplebagels.com/aboutbab/default.htm. Archived from the original on March 25, 2014. Retrieved May 6, 2012.Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ "CF Industries Profile: Overview". Cfindustries.com. Retrieved 2016-02-26.
^ "How can we help you?". Consumers Digest. Retrieved 2016-02-26.
^ https://web.archive.org/web/20120506191737/http://getcosi.com/faqpopup.html. Archived from the original on May 6, 2012. Retrieved May 6, 2012. Missing or empty|title= (help)
^ Fortune Brands Home & Security Now Independent, Begins Trading on NYSE,
Businesswire, October 4, 2011.
^https://web.archive.org/web/20120423095031/http://www.unitedstationers.com/contact/contact.html. Archived from the original on April 23, 2012. Retrieved May 6, 2012.Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ "Contact Us." Walgreens. Retrieved on January 30, 2011. "Write Walgreen Co
. 200 Wilmot Road Deerfield, IL 60015."
^ "Strong medicine at Walgreens: 1,000 cuts." Chicago Tribune. January 9,
2009. News 34. Retrieved on February 2, 2011. "About 500 of those cuts will
occur at the 5200-person headquarters."
^ Long, Hwa-shu. "Baxter to lay off 2,500 workers Blood therapy business:
Deerfield firm will close 26 plasma collection centers." The News Sun (
Waukegan, IL). July 3, 2003. Retrieved on February 2, 2011. "Baxter employs
3000 in Lake County, including about 1000 in its headquarters and related
offices in Deerfield[...]"
^ a b Jouzaitis, Carol (June 12, 1990). "Sara Lee To Close Plant In
Deerfield". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 5 September 2012.
^ "Takeda Pharmaceuticals North America, Inc." Takeda Pharmaceutical Company
. Retrieved on February 2, 2011. "Address One Takeda Parkway, Deerfield, IL
60015, USA."
^ "Takeda Pharmaceuticals International, Inc." Takeda Pharmaceutical Company
. Retrieved on February 2, 2011. "Address One Takeda Parkway, Deerfield, IL
60015, USA."
^ "Takeda Global Research & Development Center, Inc." Takeda Pharmaceutical
Company. Retrieved on February 2, 2011. "Address One Takeda Parkway,
Deerfield, IL 60015, USA."
^ "Comprehensive Annual Financial Report : April 30, 2012" (PDF). Deerfield.
il.us. Retrieved 2016-02-26.
^ "Deerfield Public School Homepage". Dps109.org. Retrieved 2016-02-26.
^ "Deerfield Campus". TIU Website. Trinity International University.
Retrieved2008-05-16.
^ "Trinity International University". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved
February 1,2016.
^ "Sister City Committee". Government - Village Commissions. The Village of
Deerfield, Illinois. 2002.
^ "Bob Bell". deerfield collection. cdm.digitalpast.com.
^ O*YAD 1993. "Seniors".
^https://web.archive.org/web/20130904143724/http://www.oah.org/awards/awards.tachau.winners.html. Archived from the original on September 4, 2013. Retrieved January 7,2014. Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ http://www.goldenapple.org/pages/academy_directory/26.php. Retrieved January 7,2014. Missing or empty |title= (help)[dead link]
^ "About - Speaking For A Change". Barrybradford.com. Retrieved 2016-02-26.
^ a b c d Deerfield High School: "Yearbook", 1972
^ Kamchen, Richard (2007). "Colt Cabana a Matt Classic". Slam! Sports. Slam!
Sports. Retrieved 2007-07-14.
^ "Biography for Corinna Everson". IMDB. imdb.com. Retrieved 2007-07-14.
^ "Pete Jones (I)". IMDb.com. Retrieved 2016-02-26.
^ "Lindsay Knapp". databasefootball. databasefootball.com. Retrieved 2007-07
-14.
^ Gromer Jeffers, Jr.; Joe Simnacher (September 24, 2012). "Fred Meyer, who
built Dallas and Texas GOP into dominant force, dies at age 84". The Dallas
Morning News. Retrieved March 18, 2015.
^ Aaron Moorehead. "Aaron Moorehead, WR at". Nfl.com. Retrieved 2016-02-26.
^ "Rauner Visits Deerfield To Tour School's New Science Labs". Patch.com.
2015-04-14. Retrieved 2016-02-26.
^ "Suburbs - Chicago Tribune". Pioneerlocal.com. 2016-02-17. Retrieved 2016-
02-26.
^ Krochmal, Pat (2011-10-26). "Deerfield Man Lands in Fishing Hall of Fame".
Chicago Sun-Times. Chicago: Sun-Times. Retrieved 2011-10-27.
^ "Art Shay". photosurce. photosource.com.
^ Daily Herald, October 1999, Pro Wrestler Runs for Congress
^ Lake County Museum, Curt Teich Postcard Archives, 27277 Forest Preserve
Drive, Wauconda, IL, 60084, 847.968.3381
^ "Remember Dan Walker, the last Democrat to be governor?". Lib.niu.edu.
Retrieved2016-02-26.
^ "Ban the Buss!". Time. 1979-12-17.
^ Seapharris7 (2002-04-15). "Once and Again". Classic TV Hits. Retrieved
2007-07-14.
^ "Filming Locations for "Married with Children" (1987)". IMDB. imdb.com.
Retrieved2007-07-14.
^ "Filming Locations for "American High" (2000)". IMDB. imdb.com.
Retrieved2007-07-14.
^ "Filming Locations for Risky Business (1983)". IMDB. imdb.com.
Retrieved2007-07-14.
^ "Filming Locations for Stolen Summer (2002)". IMDB. imdb.com.
Retrieved2007-07-14.
^ "Pryde, Kitty". Marvel Universe Character Bios. Marvel.com. 2007.
Retrieved2007-07-14.
^ "Henry Schipper, Documentary Producer, Honored with Excellence in
Journalism Award". American Society of Civil Engineers. asce.com. Retrieved
2010-06-18.
Beam Suntory
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Beam, Inc.)
Beam Suntory
Type
Subsidiary
Industry Distilled beverages
Founded October 4, 2011
Founder Remainder company created from Fortune Brands
Headquarters Deerfield, Illinois, United States
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Matthew John Shattock (CEO& President), John Owen (CFO)
Products Spirits
Revenue US$ 2.46 billion (FY 2012)[1]
Operating income
$ 5.75 million (FY 2012)[1]
Net income
$ 3.82 million (FY 2012)[1]
Total assets $ 8.64 billion (FY 2012)[1]
Total equity $4.61 million (FY 2012)[1]
Number of employees
3400 [1]
Parent Suntory
Website www.beamsuntory.com
Beam Suntory, Inc. is an American manufacturer of spirits headquartered in
Deerfield, Illinois. It is a subsidiary of Suntory Beverage & Food Ltd,
which itself is a subsidiary of Suntory Holdings of Osaka, Japan.
The company'’s principal products include bourbon whiskey, tequila,
Scotch whisky, Irish whiskey, Canadian whisky, vodka, cognac,rum, cordials,
and ready-to-drink pre-mixed cocktails.
As a distinct entity, the company was established as Beam Inc. on October 3,
2011, from the remainder of the Fortune Brands holding company after it
sold and divested various other product lines to form a business focused
exclusively on spirits and directly related products.[2]
Old logo.
On January 13, 2014, Suntory announced a deal to buy Beam Inc. for about $13
.6 billion.[3] The acquisition was completed on April 30, 2014, for a final
cost of about $16 billion – when it was also announced that Beam would
become a subsidiary named "Beam Suntory".[4][5] Suntory Beverage & Food Ltd
trades on the Tokyo Stock Exchange (2587). In March 2016, the company
announced it would move its headquarters to the Merchandise Mart building on
Chicago's Near North Side.[6]
Contents
1Products
2Prior acquisitions
3References
4External links
Products[edit]
The company's self-produced brands include the following:
American whiskey:
Bourbon whiskey – Jim Beam, Maker's Mark, Old Grand-Dad, Old Crow, Baker's,
Basil Hayden's, Booker's, Knob Creek
Rye whiskey – Jim Beam Rye, Knob Creek Rye, Old Overholt, (rī)1
Blended American whiskey – Kessler, Beam's Eight Star
Scotch whisky:
Single malt Scotch – Laphroaig, Bowmore, Ardmore
Blended Scotch whisky – Teacher's Highland Cream
Irish whiskey:
Single malt Irish whiskey – The Tyrconnell, Connemara
Single grain Irish whiskey – Greenore
Blended Irish whiskey – Kilbeggan
Canadian whisky
Alberta Premium, Canadian Club, Tangle Ridge, Windsor Canadian
Spanish whisky:
DYC whisky
Japanese whisky
Yamazaki, Hakushu, Hibiki
Tequila
Sauza, Hornitos de Sauza, El Tesoro de Don Felipe, Tres Generaciones
Cognac
Courvoisier, Salignac
Vodka
VOX, Wolfschmidt, Gilbey's, Effen, Kamchatka, Pinnacle,
Rum
Cruzan, Calico Jack, Ronrico
Gin
Larios, Gilbey's, Calvert, Sipsmith
Liqueur
Starbucks Liqueurs, Kamora, After Shock, Leroux, Castellana, Sourz
The company sells its products to wholesale distributors, state governments,
third party distributors, global or regional duty-free customers, other
spirits producers, and joint ventures.
In addition to brands produced directly by the company and its subsidiaries,
it imports and markets some brands produced by others, such as the DeKuyper
cordial. Additionally, Beam facilities produce spirits for brands owned by
other companies, such as Calvert Extra blended whiskey, now owned by Luxco.
The company also previously sold Harvey's Bristol Cream sherry, as well as
brandys Fundador, Terry Centenario, Tres Cepas before selling these brands
to Grupo Emperador Spain S.A., part of the Alliance Global Group.[7]
Prior acquisitions[edit]
On December 16, 2011, Beam Inc., agreed to buy the only independent Irish
whiskey distiller that existed at the time, the Cooley Distillery, for $95
million.[8] On April 23, 2012, Beam announced it would acquire the Pinnacle
vodka and Calico Jack rum brands for $600 million.[9]
References[edit]
^ a b c d e f "Beam, Inc. (BEAM)-Key Statistics". Yahoo! Finance.[dead link]
^ "Beam Inc. Begins Life as a Pure-Play Spirits Industry Leader". TheStreet.
com. October 4, 2011. Retrieved March 1, 2016.
^ Horovitz, Bruce (January 13, 2014). "Suntory buys spirits maker Beam for $
13.6B". USA Today.
^ Beam Suntory, Suntory press release, April 30, 2014.
^ Pfanner, Eric (May 15, 2014). "Suntory Still has M&A Thirst". The Wall
Street Journal. Retrieved March 1, 2016. (subscription required (help)).
^ Frost, Peter (February 29, 2016). "Beam Suntory moving HQ to Merchandise
Mart". Crain's Chicago Business.
^ Arceo-Dumlao, Tina (December 1, 2015). "Andrew Tan's Emperador buys Spain'
s Fundador". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
^ (December 16, 2011). "Cooley Distillery Sold for $95M". Irish Examiner.
Retrieved January 11, 2012.
^ "Beam buys Pinnacle Vodka and Calico Jack rum from White Rock". USA Today.
Associated Press. April 23, 2012. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
Walgreens
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Walgreen Company
Type Subsidiary
Industry Retail
Founded 1901; 115 years ago
Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Founder Charles Rudolph Walgreen
Headquarters 200 Wilmot Road
Deerfield, Illinois, U.S.
Number of locations 8,177[1]
Area served United States
Key people James A. Skinner (Executive Chairman)
Alex Gourlay (President)
Stefano Pessina (CEO)
Products
Drug store
Pharmacy
Parent Walgreens Boots Alliance
Website walgreens.com
The Walgreen Company (Walgreens, or sometimes archaically Walgreen) is an
American company which operates[2] as the second-largest pharmacy store
chain in the United States behind CVS Health. It specializes in filling
prescriptions, health and wellness products, health information, and photo
services.[3] As of February 29, 2016, the company operated 8,177 stores in
all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin
Islands. It was founded in Chicago, Illinois, in 1901. The Walgreens
headquarters office is in the Chicago suburb of Deerfield, Illinois.
In 2014, the company agreed to purchase the remaining 55% of Switzerland-
based Alliance Boots that it did not already own to form a global business.
Under the terms of the purchase, the two companies merged to form a new
holding company, Walgreens Boots Alliance Inc., on December 31, 2014.
Walgreens became a subsidiary of the new company, which retains its
Deerfield headquarters and trades on the Nasdaq under the symbol WBA.[4]
Contents
1History
1.1Company history
1.221st century expansion
1.3Contributions to popular culture
2Corporate operations
3Store model
4Disability inclusion initiative
5Related ventures
6Consumer record
6.1Prescriptions
6.2Allegations of discrimination
6.3Medicaid
6.4Express Scripts
6.5Use of proprietary drugs
6.6Distribution of oxycodone
6.7Sale of tobacco
7See also
8References
8.1Bibliography
9External links
History[edit]
Company history[edit]
Early "Walgreen Drugs" sign still in use in San Antonio, Texas
Walgreens began in 1901, with a drug store on the corner of Bowen Ave and
Cottage Grove in Chicago, owned by Galesburg nativeCharles R. Walgreen, Sr.[
5] By 1913, Walgreens had grown to four stores on Chicago's South Side. It
opened its fifth in 1915, and four more in 1916. By 1919, there were 20
stores in the chain. As a result of alcohol prohibition, the 1920s was a
successful time for Walgreens. Although alcohol was illegal, prescription
whiskey was available and sold by Walgreens.[6]
In 1922, the company introduced a malted milkshake, which led to its
establishing ice cream manufacturing plants. The next year, Walgreen began
opening stores away from residential areas. In the mid-1920s, there were 44
stores with annual sales of $1,200,000. Walgreens had expanded into
Minnesota, Missouri, and Wisconsin.
By 1930, it had 397 stores with annual sales of US$4,000,000. This expansion
partly was attributed to selling alcohol, mainly whiskey, which Walgreen
often stocked under the counter, as accounted in Daniel Okrent's Last Call:
The Rise and Fall of Prohibition.[7] The stock market crash in October 1929
and the subsequent Great Depression did not greatly affect the company. In
1934, Walgreens was operating in 30 states with 601 stores.
After Charles Walgreen, Sr., died in 1939, his son Charles R. Walgreen took
over the chain until his retirement. The Charles R. Walgreen years were
relatively prosperous, but lacked the massive expansion seen in the early
part of the century. Charles "Cork" R. Walgreen III took over after Walgreen
Jr.'s retirement in the early 1950s, and modernized the company by
switching to barcode scanning. The Walgreen family was not involved in
senior management of the company for a short time following Walgreen III's
retirement. In 1986, it acquired the MediMart chain from Stop & Shop.[8] In
1995, Kevin P. Walgreen was made a vice-president and promoted to Senior
Vice President - Store Operations in 2006.[9]
Walgreens logo until 2006.
On July 12, 2006, David Bernauer stepped down as CEO of Walgreens, replaced
by company president Jeff Rein. Holding degrees in accounting and pharmacy
from the University of Arizona, Rein was a pharmacist, store manager,
district manager, and treasurer prior to being named Chief Executive Officer
and Chairman of the Board. Greg Wasson, former President of Walgreens
Health Services, was named President and Chief Operations Officer.
On October 10, 2008, Rein abruptly quit as CEO, replaced by Alan G. McNally
as Chairman and Acting CEO.[10]
On January 26, 2009, Gregory Wasson was named CEO, effective February 1,
2009.[11]
21st century expansion[edit]
A neon-lit store on Canal Street inNew Orleans
2006: Walgreens acquired the Happy Harry's chain in Delaware, Pennsylvania,
Maryland and New Jersey.[12]
October 2007: Walgreens opened its 6,000th store in New Orleans, Louisiana.[
13]
January 2008: Walgreens purchased 20 stores in Puerto Rico from Farmacias El
Amal.[14]
July 2009: Walgreens operates in all 50 states and the District of Columbia.
[15]
February 17, 2010: Walgreens announced plans to acquire New York City-area
chain Duane Reade for $1.075 billion, including debt.[16] Walgreens
continues to operate in the New York City metropolitan area as Duane Reade;
its stores near existing Walgreens were closed.[citation needed]
March 24, 2011: Walgreens acquired Drugstore.com for $409 million. Drugstore
.com in turn owned Beauty.com. In 2013 Beauty.com was named by Internet
Retailer Magazine in its Top 100 online retail sites list.[17][18]
April 30, 2011: Walgreens operated 8,169 stores; it had expanded into Guam
and Puerto Rico.[citation needed]
August 18, 2011: Walgreens introduced its "Nice!" store brand of food and
household products. Fully rolled out in 2012, the Nice! brand replaced a
variety of existing Walgreens store brands such as Deerfield Farms, Cafe W
and others.[19]
June 19, 2012: Walgreens paid $6.7bn for a 45% interest in Alliance Boots.[
20]
July 5, 2012: Walgreens entered into an agreement to acquire Mid-South drug
store chain operating under the USA Drug, Super D Drug, May's Drug, Med-X,
and Drug Warehouse banners. The deal was expected to be finalized by
September 1, 2012.[21]
September 10, 2013: Walgreens announced it acquired Kerr Drug.[22]
August 6, 2014: Walgreens exercised its option to purchase the remaining 55%
of Alliance Boots. The combined company is known as the Walgreens Boots
Alliance and is headquartered in Chicago.[23][24]
On October 27, 2015, Walgreens announced that it would acquire its rival
Rite Aid for $9 per share, a deal valued at $9.4 billion, pending regulatory
and shareholder approval. The deal will result in a merger of two of the
United States' three largest pharmacy chains.[25] In response to being able
to receive approval, Walgreens said that it would be willing to divest up to
1,000 stores to win regulatory approval for its Rite Aid purchase.[26]
Walgreens and Rite Aid, combined, own approximately 200 million square feet
of retail space in addition to 21 million square feet of office and
warehouse space. The two chains operate 12,900 stores in the United States.
Walgreens operates 13,100 stores across 11 countries. Walgreens CEO has
stated that there is potentially over $1 billion in savings to be reaped
from the merger through synergies.[27] On December 21, 2016, it was
announced that Fred's would acquire 865 Rite Aid stores as a result of the
merger for the price of $950 Million USD for antitrust reasons.[28]
July 28, 2016, Walgreens announced it would shut down Drugstore.com, as well
as Beauty.com, in order to focus on its own Walgreens.com website.[29]
Contributions to popular culture[edit]
Walgreens claims credit for the popularization of the malted milkshake (or
at least its version of the malted milkshake), invented by Ivar "Pop"
Coulson in 1922,[30] although milkshakes and malted milk had been around for
some time before. This development coincided with the invention of the
electric blender in the same year.
In November 2010, Walgreens filed a trademark infringement lawsuit against
the Wegmans supermarket chain, claiming the "W" in the Wegman's logo is too
similar to Walgreens'.[31] The lawsuit was settled in April 2011, with
Wegmans agreeing to discontinue use of its "W" logo by June 2012, although
the supermarket retains the right to use the “Wegmans” name in script.[32]
According to Jo Natale, Wegmans director of media relations, “The cost of
making relatively minor changes to a limited number of products was much
less than the cost of litigating this case to the end.”[33]
The logo for the Washington Nationals baseball team is similar to the
Walgreens "W";[34] to date, Walgreens never challenged the Nationals' use of
their "W" in a lawsuit.
Corporate operations[edit]
Walgreens has its corporate headquarters in Deerfield, Illinois.[35][36] As
of 2009 Walgreens employed 5,200 people at its headquarters.[37]
In 1987 Walgreens employed about 1,100 people at its headquarters, which was
at the time in an unincorporated area on the west side of Deerfield.[38][39
] As of 2000, headquarters was still in an unincorporated area in West
Deerfield Township.[40]
In the summer of 2014 a corporate relocation to Switzerland was considered
as part of a merger with Alliance Boots, a European drugstore chain.[41]
This drew controversy as many consumers felt that it was an attempt at tax
inversion. On August 5, 2014 Walgreens announced that they would not be
relocating their headquarters.
Store model[edit]
A Walgreens on Rt.1 South, Saugus, Massachusetts.
Walgreens stores were originally connected to local groceries. In Chicago,
their flagship market, they teamed up with either Eagle Food Centers or
Dominick's Finer Foods, usually with a "walkthru" to the adjoining store and
often sharing personnel. This concept was instated to compete with the
popular dual store format used by chief competitor Jewel-Osco/Albertsons-Sav
-On. They eventually ended the relationship with Eagle and focused primarily
on a connection to the Dominick's stores. PharmX-Rexall filled the vacated
Walgreen locations joined to Eagle stores.
A Walgreens "corner drugstore", located in a Marriott street-level retail
space, on the corner of a heavily trafficked intersection in Washington, D.C
In its 2009 business model, Walgreens are freestanding corner stores, with
the entrance on the street with the most traffic flow, figuratively making
it a "corner drugstore" similar to how many independent pharmacies evolved.
Some stores have a drive-through pharmacy.[42]
The store management team usually includes a Store Manager (MGR), an
Executive Assistant Manager (EXA), and at least one Assistant Manager (MGT).
In 2009, Walgreens introduced the Store Team Lead (STL), or "non-management
keyholder", position in many of its stores. In 2012, Walgreens announced
that they would be phasing out the MGT, EXA, and STL positions for the
Assistant Store Manager Trainee (ASM-T), Assistant Store Manager (ASM), and
Shift Leader (SFL) positions, respectively. The new management structure
will implement a new structure and payscale that will more closely resemble
their competitors to reflect the industry standard.
Disability inclusion initiative[edit]
In 2002, Walgreens senior vice president of supply chain and logistics Randy
Lewis began a program aimed at providing opportunity to the disabled to
work side by side with typical workers. The result was the development and
opening of two distribution centers whose staff is approximately 40%
disabled. The model was so successful that other companies such as Clarks
Companies NA, Glaxo Smith Kline, Best Buy, and Costco have either examined
it or placed it under consideration.[43]
Related ventures[edit]
Wag's menu logo circa 1985
Walgreens used to own Sanborns, one of the largest pharmacy and department
store chains in Mexico. Walgreens purchased Sanborns from Frank Sanborn in
1946 and sold it to Grupo Carso in 1982.[44]
In the 1980s, Walgreens owned and operated a chain of casual family
restaurants/pancake houses called Wag's, an attempt to compete with
Woolworth's lunch counters. The Wag's restaurants were very similar in
concept to Denny's, IHOP and Golden Bear. At the highpoint, it had over 100
locations. Walgreens sold most of these to Marriott Corp. in 1988[45] and by
1991 the chain was out of business.
Consumer record[edit]
December 2012, A judge ordered Walgreens to pay $16.57 million to settle a
lawsuit. The claim was that over 600 stores were illegally dumping hazardous
waste and unlawfully disposing of customer records containing confidential
medical information.[46]
Prescriptions[edit]
A Walgreens in Little Egg Harbor, New Jersey, which opened in 2006.
As of June 2008, Walgreens "agreed to stop altering prescriptions without
physician approval as part of a multi-state agreement to settle allegations
of improper billing," reported the Knoxville News Sentinel:[47][48]
Walgreens was accused of switching the dosage forms on three medications
commonly prescribed for Medicaid patients without doctor approvals in order
to boost profits. This resulted in Medicaid programs nationwide paying much
more for the medications than they normally would have, according to a press
release by the [Tennessee] attorney general's office. Walgreen Co. agreed
to comply with state and federal laws on the matter, plus pay $35 million to
the federal government, 42 states and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.
"The compliance agreement will be in effect for five years. Walgreens did
not admit liability, as part of the settlement," reported theChicago Sun-
Times.[49]
The Walgreens web site invited users to write reviews of some OTC products
such as vitamins and nutritionals, but did not invite users to write reviews
of the corresponding Walgreens-branded products. A recent revision of the
Walgreens web site has added the ability to review any product it sells.
Allegations of discrimination[edit]
In March 2008, Walgreens settled a lawsuit with the Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission (EEOC) that alleged the company discriminated against
African-Americans for $24 million.[50] The settlement was split between the
10,000 African-American employees of the company.[50] In the agreement,
Walgreens avoided any admission of guilt.
The decree, one of the largest monetary settlements in a race case by the
EEOC, provides for the payment of over $24 million to a class of thousands
of African American workers and orders comprehensive injunctive relief
designed to improve the company's promotion and store assignment practices.
In September 2011, Walgreens settled a lawsuit with the Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission which claimed that a store improperly terminated a
worker with diabetes for eating a package of the store's food while working
to stop a hypoglycemia attack.[51]
Medicaid[edit]
Also in 2008, Walgreens "agreed to pay $35 million to the U.S., 42 states
and Puerto Rico for overcharging state Medicaid programs by filling
prescriptions with more expensive dosage forms of ranitidine, a generic form
of Zantac and fluoxetine, which is a generic form of Prozac."[52]
In 2009, Walgreens threatened to leave the Medicaid program, the state and
federal partnership to provide health insurance coverage to the poor, in
Delaware, over reimbursement rates. Walgreens was the largest pharmacy chain
in the state and the only chain to make such a threat.[53] The state of
Delaware and Walgreens reached an agreement on payment rates and the crisis
was averted.[54]
In 2010, Walgreens stopped accepting Medicaid in Washington state, leaving
its one million Medicaid recipients unable to get their prescriptions filled
at these 121 stores.[55]
On April 20, 2012. The U.S. [Department of Justice] announced, that
Walgreens agreed to pay $7.9 million in settlement. The fine relates to
allegations of violations of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute and the False
Claims Act regarding beneficiaries of federal health care programs.[56]
Express Scripts[edit]
In 2011, Walgreens announced it would end its relationship with Express
Scripts,[57] a prescription benefits manager. A coalition of minority groups
, led by Al Sharpton's National Action Network,[58] sent letters urging CEO
Gregory Wasson to reconsider. Groups sending letters were National Hispanic
Christian Leadership Conference,[59] the Congress of Racial Equality,[60]
Hispanic Leadership Fund[61] and others. On July 19, 2012, Walgreens and
Express Scripts announced a multi-year pharmacy network agreement that
includes rates and terms under which Walgreens would participate in the
broadest Express Scripts retail pharmacy network available to new and
existing clients as of September 15, 2012.
Use of proprietary drugs[edit]
Walgreens was named in a lawsuit by the Union Food and Commercial Workers
Unions and Employers Midwest Health Benefits Fund in the Northern District
Court of Illinois in January 2012. The suit alleges Walgreens and Par
Pharmaceuticals violated the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations
Act[62] "at least two widespread schemes to overcharge" for generic drugs.[
52]
The lawsuit alleges drugstore chain Walgreen and generic pharmaceutical
maker Par established a partnership in which Par manufactured and/or
marketed generic versions of antacid Zantac and antidepressant Prozac in
dosage forms that weren't subject to private and governmental reimbursement
limitations.
It further said Walgreen purchased those dosage forms from par at a cost
substantially higher than the widely prescribed dosage forms, and then "
systematically and unlawfully filled its customers' prescriptions with Par's
more expensive products, rather than the inexpensive dosage forms that were
prescribed by physicians."
Distribution of oxycodone[edit]
In September 2012, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) accused
Walgreens of endangering public safety and barred the company from shipping
oxycodone and other controlled drugs from its Jupiter, Florida distribution
center. The DEA said that Walgreens failed to maintain proper controls to
ensure it didn't dispense drugs to addicts and drug dealers. The DEA also
said that six of Walgreens' Florida pharmacies ordered in excess of a
million oxycodone pills a year. In contrast, in 2011, the average pharmacy
in the U.S. ordered 73,000 oxycodone tablets a year according to the DEA.
One Walgreens pharmacy located in Fort Myers, Florida, ordered 95,800 pills
in 2009, but by 2011 this number had jumped to 2.2 million pills in one year
. Another example was a Walgreens pharmacy located in Hudson, FL a town of
34,000 people near Clearwater, that purchased 2.2 million pills in 2011, the
DEA said. Immediate suspension orders are an action taken when the DEA
believes a registrant, such as a pharmacy or a doctor, is "an imminent
danger to the public safety." All DEA licensees "have an obligation to
ensure that medications are getting into the hands of legitimate patients,"
said Mark Trouville, former DEA special agent in charge of the Miami Field
Division. "When they choose to look the other way, patients suffer and drug
dealers prosper."
The Jupiter, Florida distribution center which opened in 2001 is one of 12
such distribution centers owned by Walgreens. Since 2009, Walgreens' Jupiter
facility has been the single largest distributor of oxycodone in the state
of Florida, the DEA said. Over the past three years, its market share has
increased, and 52 Walgreens are among the top 100 oxycodone purchasers in
the state, the DEA said.[63]
In 2013, United States Attorney Wifredo Ferrer said Walgreens committed "an
unprecedented number" of record-keeping and dispensing violations."
Walgreens was fined $80 million. At the time, the largest fine in the
history of the Controlled Substances Act[64]
Sale of tobacco[edit]
In common with other US pharmacies (a major exception is CVS Pharmacy),
Walgreens stocks tobacco products for sale to the public. Some campaigners
in the USA advocate the removal of tobacco from pharmacies due to the health
risks associated with smoking and the apparent contradiction of selling
cigarettes alongside smoking cessationproducts and asthma medication.[65]
Walgreens and other pharmacies who continue to sell tobacco products have
been subject to criticism, and attempts have been made to introduce regional
bans on the practice, which has taken place in the City and County of San
Francisco.[66][67]
Walgreens defends its tobacco sales policy by reasoning that through selling
tobacco in its outlets, it is more readily able to offer to customers
advice and products for quitting smoking.
See also[edit]
Chicago portal
Illinois portal
Companies portal
Corporate inversion
CVS Health
Rite Aid
Schoep's Ice Cream
Alliance Boots
References[edit]
^ "Store Count by State | Walgreens Newsroom". news.walgreens.com.
Retrieved2016-02-29.
^ http://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2015/06/30/cvs-to-buy-all-of-targets-pharmacy-stores-a-win-win-for-both/#1b65050769d1
^ http://www.walgreens.com
^ Linnane, Ciara (December 31, 2014). That is currently under reorganization
"Walgreen ticker changes to WBA after merger with Boots Alliance" Check |
url= value (help).Market Watch. Retrieved December 31, 2014.
^ "Our History". Walgreens. Retrieved 2008-03-06.
^ "When Cannabis Meets Capitalism". New York Times.
^ Daniel Okrent, Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition (197)
^ "Walgreens buys Medi Mart". Chain Drug Review. 2003.
^ "Kevin P. Walgreen". Walgreens. Retrieved 2008-03-06.
^ [1][dead link]
^ Wohl, Jessica (2009-01-26). "Walgreen picks insider Wasson to be next CEO"
. Reuters. Retrieved 2009-01-26.
^ Walgreen to acquire Happy Harry's chain - Baltimore Sun. Articles.
baltimoresun.com (2006-06-06). Retrieved on 2013-09-05.
^ Congressional Record - 110th Congress (2007-2008) - THOMAS (Library of
Congress). Thomas.loc.gov. Retrieved on 2013-09-05.
^ Walgreens to acquire 20 drugstores from Farmacia El Amal | Drug Topics.
Drugtopics.modernmedicine.com (2008-01-21). Retrieved on 2013-09-05.
^ Vogel, Mike (Aug 3, 2009). "Walgreens becomes a truly national chain".
Chain Drug Review. Retrieved June 27, 2013.
^ "Walgreens to Acquire New York-based Drugstore Chain Duane Reade", 17
February 2010, retrieved June 27, 2013
^ "Boom! Walgreens Buys Online Retailer Drugstore.com For $409 Million".
TechCrunch. March 24, 2011.
^ Kevin Woodward. "Merchandising and Design - Beauty.com: A refined look -
Internet Retailer". Retrieved 15 June 2015.
^ Walgreens. "Walgreens Launches Nice!™ Store Brand Chainwide,
Continues Building Value and Loyalty with its Private Brands". Retrieved 17
July 2014.
^ "US retailer Walgreen buys 45% stake in Alliance Boots". BBC News. June 19
, 2012.
^ "Walgreens to acquire mid-South drug store chain". Drug Store News. July 5
, 2012. Retrieved July 5, 2012.
^ "Walgreens furthers reach into North Carolina with acquisition of Kerr
Drug". Drug Store News. September 10, 2013. Retrieved September 11, 2013.
^ "Walgreens buys up rest of Alliance Boots: The Guardian". August 6, 2014.
^ "Post Alliance Boots buyout Walgreens to stay on in US". Chicago News.Net.
Retrieved 7 August 2014.
^ "Walgreens, Rite Aid Unite to Create Drugstore Giant". The Wall Street
Journal. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
^ "Walgreens may sell 1,000 stores for Rite Aid deal". USA Today. Retrieved3
November 2015.
^ "Walgreens Likely To Go on Real Estate Diet if Deal for Rite Aid Wins
Approval - CoStar Group". www.costar.com. Retrieved 2015-11-12.
^ "Fred's Acquiring 865 stores". wsj.com. The Wall Street Journal. 21
December 2016.
^ Northwest Innovation, " Drugstore.com, Beauty.com To Be Shut Down By
Walgreens." July 28, 2016.
^ "Our Past". Walgreens. Retrieved 2008-03-06.
^ "Walgreens sues Wegmans in logo dispute". The Wall Street Journal.
November 6, 2010. Archived from the original on November 8, 2010. Retrieved
November 17, 2010.
^ Richard Patterson (April 27, 2011). "Wegmans Settles with Walgreens over
War of W's". Intellectual Property Brief. American University. Retrieved
June 9, 2011.
^ "Press Release: Wegmans Releases Statement on Lawsuit Resolution".
RetrievedJune 9, 2011.
^ "The Law of the Letter: Could Nats' Curly W Be Taken Away?". Washington
City Paper. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
^ "Contact Us." Walgreens. Retrieved on January 30, 2011. "Write Walgreen Co
. 200 Wilmot Road Deerfield, IL 60015."
^ "GIS Maps." City of Deerfield. Retrieved on February 5, 2011.
^ "Strong medicine at Walgreens: 1,000 cuts." Chicago Tribune. January 9,
2009. News 34. Retrieved on February 2, 2011. "About 500 of those cuts will
occur at the 5200-person headquarters."
^ Little, Anne. "Taking a corridor to success Deerfield's economy booming
with office buildings." Chicago Tribune. July 8, 1987. Deerfield/Northbrook
5. Retrieved on February 5, 2011. "[...]and the corporate headquarters of
Walgreen Co., which is in an unincorporated area on the western side of
Deerfield, with about 1,100."
^ Who Owns Whom: North America. Dun & Bradstreet, Ltd., Directories Division
, 1987. "420. Retrieved on February 5, 2011. "WALGREEN CO., 200 Wilmot Rd..
Deerfield. II. 60015"
^ "Deerfield village, Illinois." U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on February 5
, 2011.
^ "At Walgreen, Renouncing Corporate Citizenship", Andrew Ross Sorkin, 6/30/
2014 8:12 PM
^ "Printer Cartridge Refills". Walgreens. Archived from the original on
March 2, 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-06.
^ "Disability Inclusion". 2011-03-09.
^ "Sanborn Hermanos" (in Spanish). Sanborns. Retrieved 2008-03-06.
^ "Marriott to Buy 91 Wag's Restaurants". The New York Times. Reuters. 1988-
06-30. Retrieved 2008-03-06.
^ [2]
^ "Walgreens agrees to stop altering perscriptions [sic]". Knoxville News
Sentinel. 2008-06-05.
^ "The Walgreens Case". Behn & Wyetzner.
^ "Walgreens to pay $35 million to settle drug-fraud suit". Chicago Sun-
Times. 2008-06-04. Archived from the original on June 7, 2008. Retrieved
June 27, 2013.
^ a b Final Decree entered with Walgreens for $24 million in landmark race
discrimination suit by EEOC. Eeoc.gov. Retrieved on 2013-09-05.
^ "Walgreens Sued By EEOC For Disability Discrimination". The National Law
Review. September 12, 2011. Retrieved December 13, 2013.
^ a b Kell, John (2012-01-13). "Lawsuit Says Walgreen, Par Pharma
Overcharged".The Wall Street Journal.
^ "UPDATE 1-Walgreen exiting Delaware Medicaid program". Reuters. 2009-06-04.
^ "Reports: Walgreens reaches Medicaid Rx deal in Delaware". August 11, 2009
. Retrieved June 27, 2013.
^ Tu, Janet I. (2010-03-17). "Walgreens: no new Medicaid patients as of
April 16".The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 2012-01-11.
^ http://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=9f51abb9-4ded-46e2-9622-88b28abc9000
^ "Walgreens ramps up for end of Express Scripts deal". Chicago Tribune.
Archived from the original on Dec 30, 2011.
^ "Document Drop: Al Sharpton V. Walgreens". Daily News. New York.
^ "Largest Latino Religious Group Joins Chorus Critical of Walgreens Plans
to Abandon Lower-income & Minority Communities Would Consider Urging Boycott
if Course not Changed".
^ Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) Warns Walgreens Decision to Drop
Express Scripts... - NEW YORK, Dec. 15, 2011 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/.
Prnewswire.com (2011-12-15). Retrieved on 2013-09-05.
^ [3][dead link]
^ Walgreen, Par sued for alleged RICO violations, drug overcharges.
IFAwebnews.com (2012-01-24). Retrieved on 2013-09-05.
^ Walgreens and Oxycodone – USATODAY.com. Usatoday30.usatoday.com.
Retrieved on 2013-09-05.
^ [4]
^ "Tobacco-Free Pharmacies". Americans for Nonsmokers' Rights. Archived from
the original on 22 May 2010. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
^ Rubenstein, Sarah (July 29, 2008). "Cigarette Sales in Drugstores Come
Under Fire". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
^ Hussar, PhD, Daniel A. (March 1, 2009). "Pharmacy cigarette sales must end
".Modern Medicine. Retrieved April 16, 2011.
Astellas Pharma
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Astellas Pharma Inc.
Type Public KK
Traded as
TYO: 4503
TOPIX 100 Component
Nikkei 225 Component
Industry Pharmaceutical
Predecessors Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical
Fujisawa Pharmaceutical
(Merged in 2005)
Founded 2005; 11 years ago
Headquarters 2-5-1, Nihonbashi-Honcho, Chūō-ku, Tokyo 103-8411, Japan
Key people Yoshihiko Hatanaka
(President and CEO)
Products
Prograf
Harnal
Vesicare
Funguard/Mycamine
Protopic
and other pharmaceuticals
Revenue US$11,060,000,000 (FY 2013)
Profit US$1,280,000,000 (￥1,139,000,000,000) (FY 2013)
Total assets $14.86 billion (2016)[1]
Number of employees 17,649 (consolidated as of March 2014)
Subsidiaries Astellas US
Website Official website
Footnotes / references
[2][3][4]
Astellas Pharma Inc. (アステラス製薬株式会社 Asuterasu Seiyaku Kabushiki-
gaisha?) is a Japanese pharmaceutical company, formed on 1 April 2005 from
the merger of Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (山之内製薬株式会社
Yamanouchi Seiyaku Kabushiki-gaisha?) and Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
(藤沢薬品工業株式会社 Fujisawa Yakuhin Kōgyō Kabushiki-gaisha?).
Astellas is a member of the Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group (MUFJ) keiretsu.
Contents
1History
1.1Early foundations
1.2Recent times & mergers
1.3Acquisition history
2Business
2.1Products
3Operations
4References
5External links
SOUTH SAN FRANCISCO, Calif., Dec. 16, 2016 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Cytokinetics
(Nasdaq:CYTK) today announced it has been selected for addition to the
Nasdaq Biotechnology Index (Nasdaq:NBI). The addition will take effect as
part of the annual re-ranking of the NBI upon market open on Monday,
December 19, 2016.
Companies in the NBI must meet eligibility requirements, including minimum
market capitalization, average daily trading volume, and seasoning as a
public company, among other criteria. The index is evaluated semi-annually
in May and November and serves as the basis for the iShares NASDAQ
Biotechnology Index Fund. The Index is designed to track the performance of
a set of securities listed on the NASDAQ Stock Market that are classified as
either biotechnology or pharmaceutical according to the Industry
Classification Benchmark (ICB). For more information about the NASDAQ
Biotechnology Index, including eligibility criteria, visithttps://indexes.
nasdaqomx.com.
About Cytokinetics
Cytokinetics is a late-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on
discovering, developing and commercializing first-in-class muscle activators
as potential treatments for debilitating diseases in which muscle
performance is compromised and/or declining. As a leader in muscle biology
and the mechanics of muscle performance, the company is developing small
molecule drug candidates specifically engineered to increase muscle function
and contractility. Cytokinetics’ lead drug candidate is tirasemtiv, a fast
skeletal muscle troponin activator, for the potential treatment of ALS.
Tirasemtiv has been granted orphan drug designation and fast track status by
the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and orphan medicinal product
designation by the European Medicines Agency for the potential treatment of
ALS. Cytokinetics retains the right to develop and commercialize tirasemtiv,
subject to an option held by Astellas Pharma Inc. Cytokinetics is also
collaborating with Astellas to develop CK-2127107, a fast skeletal muscle
activator, for the potential treatment of spinal muscular atrophy, chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease and ALS.Cytokinetics is collaborating with
Amgen Inc. to develop omecamtiv mecarbil, a novel cardiac muscle activator,
for the potential treatment of heart failure. Amgen holds an exclusive
license worldwide to develop and commercialize omecamtiv mecarbil and
Astellas holds an exclusive license worldwide to develop and commercialize
CK-2127107. Both licenses are subject toCytokinetics' specified development
and commercialization participation rights. For additional information about
Cytokinetics, visit http://www.cytokinetics.com/.
History[edit]
Early foundations[edit]
Fujisawa Shoten was started in 1894 by Tomokichi Fujisawa in Osaka, and was
renamed Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co. in 1943. Yamanouchi Yakuhin Shokai was
started in 1923 by Kenji Yamanouchi in Osaka. The company was renamed
Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co. in 1940 and moved to Tokyo in 1942. Both
companies started their overseas expansion at about the same time, opening
offices in Taiwan in 1962 and 1963, respectively, and in the United States
and Europe from 1977 onwards.
Recent times & mergers[edit]
Fujisawa acquired Lyphomed in 1990 and thereafter established its US R&D
center in Deerfield, Illinois. Yamanouchi's R&D center in Leiderdorp was
established with the acquisition of the pharmaceutical division of Royal
Gist Brocades in 1991. Fujisawa and Yamanouchi combined in a "merger of
equals," forming Astellas Pharma on 1 April 2005. At least some of its older
products continue to be distributed under the original brand, ostensibly
due to high brand-name recognition.[5] Astellas had a collaboration
agreement with CoMentis from 2008 to 2014 focused on development of beta-
secretase inhibitor therapeutics forAlzheimer's disease.[6]
On June 9, 2010, Astellas acquired OSI Pharmaceuticals for $4.0 billion. In
December 2014, Astellas expanded its 18-month-old collaboration with
Cytokinetics, focussing on the R&D and commercialisation of skeletal muscle
activators. The companies announced they will advance the development of CK-
2127107 (a fast skeletal troponin activator) into Phase II clinical trials
for the treatment of spinal muscular atrophy and possibly other
neuromuscular conditions. The companies have extended their R&D program
focussing on the discovery of additional skeletal sarcomere activators
through into 2016. The collaboration is expected to generate more than $600
million for Cytokinetics as well as $75 million in milestone payments.[7] In
November 2015 the company announced its move to acquire Ocata Therapeutics
(formerly Advanced Cell Technology) for $379 million.[8] As of January 14,
2016, Astellas has not been able to acquire a majority of Ocata's common
stock, which is necessary to complete the acquisition. The first deadline in
the acquisition was November 17, 2015, and due to Astellas' failure to
acquire a majority of Ocata's common stock, the deadline was extended to
January 21, 2016. Many long-term stockholders have vowed to fight this
acquisition by every legal means available to them, because they claim that
the Astellas offer represents a huge discount - not a premium - to what they
say is Ocata's true value. The deal was finally completed in February 2016.
[9] [10] Later in November 2015 the company announce it would sell its
dermatology business to LEO Pharma for $725 million.[11] In October 2016
Astellas announced it would acquire Ganymed Pharmaceuticals for $1.4 billion
[12]
Leo Pharma
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Leo Pharma A/S
Type Aktieselskab A/S Danish Public Limited stock based corporation
Industry Pharmaceutical industry
Founded 1908
Founder August Kongsted and Anton Antons
Headquarters Ballerup, Copenhagen,Denmark
Area served Worldwide
Key people Gitte Aabo (CEO)
Products Prescription drugs fordermatology, bone remodelingthrombosis and
coagulation
Revenue 7.973 billion DKK (2014)[1]
Total assets 31.627 billion DKK (2014)[1]
Number of employees 4,712 (2014)[1]
Website Home Page
Footnotes / references
Wholly owned by a foundation (nonprofit)
Leo Pharma A/S is a multinational Danish pharmaceutical company, founded in
1908, with a presence in about 100 countries. Its headquarters are in
Ballerup, near Copenhagen[2] The company is 100% integrated into a private
foundation owned by the LEO Foundation.[3] Leo Pharma develops and markets
products for dermatology, bone remodeling thrombosis and coagulation.[4] In
1945 it was the first producer of penicillin outside the USA and UK.
Contents
1History
1.1Formation & the 20th Century
1.221st Century & onwards
2References
History[edit]
Formation & the 20th Century[edit]
In 1908, pharmacists August Kongsted and Anton Antons bought the LEO
Pharmacy in Copenhagen, Denmark. With the purchase, they established 'Kø
;benhavns Løveapoteks kemiske Fabrik', today known as LEO Pharma. LEO
Pharma celebrated its centennial in 2008. Flags bearing the LEO logo were
flying in every country where LEO products are available, more than a
hundred flags in total. Today, LEO Pharma has an ever growing pipeline with
over 4,800 specialists focussing on dermatology and thrombosis.
1912 – The company launched its own Aspirin headache tablet
1917 – The company exported Denmarks first drug, Digisolvin
1940 – The company launched its own Heparin product.
1958-08-13 - Patent filed for Bendrofluazide.[5]
1962 – The company launched Fucidin to be used to treat staphylococcus
infections
21st Century & onwards[edit]
In 2015, the company announced it would acquire Astellas Pharmas dermatology
business for $725 million.[6]
References[edit]
^ a b c http://www.leo-pharma.com/Files/Filer/LEO_corporate_downloads/LEO_Pharma_Annual_Report_2014_FINAL_Web.pdf
^ Leo Pharma A/S published list of products
^ "About us - LEO Pharma". leo-pharma.com.
^ Highbeam news clipping service, UK
^ GB 863474
^ "LEO Pharma Buys Astellas' Dermatology Business for $725M". GEN.
OSI Pharmaceuticals
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article relies too much on references to primary sources. Please
improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources.(June 2014) (Learn how
and when to remove this template message)
OSI Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Shaping Medicine, Changing Lives[1]
Type Subsidiary
Industry Pharmaceutical[2]
Founded 1983
Headquarters Melville, New York
Key people Colin Goddard, CEO
Michael G. Atieh, CFO
Robert A. Ingram, Chairman[2]
Products Biopharmaceuticals
Biotherapeutics
Revenue $375.7 MillionUSD(2006)[3]
Net income $-582.2 Million USD(2006)[3]
Number of employees 554 (2007-02)[4]
Parent Astellas Pharma (2010-present)
Website www.osip.com
OSI Pharmaceuticals, Inc. is an American pharmaceutical company based in
Long Island, New York with facilities in Colorado, New Jersey and the United
Kingdom. OSI specializes in the discovery and development of molecular
targeted therapies. Thoughoncology is the top priority for OSI, research and
development targeting type 2 diabetes and obesity is conducted through
their U.K. subsidiary Prosidion Limited.[1][2] OSI has also made a foray
into the ophthalmology market through a marketing agreement withPfizer over
Macugen (Pegaptanib) for Age-related macular degeneration; however,
acquisition of the firm Eyetech, meant to provide control over this product
and diversify the company, has been unsuccessful, ending in divestiture.[5][
6]
In mid-2007, OSI's revenues were based primarily on proceeds from Tarceva
sales (which are shared with Genentech andHoffmann–La Roche) and royalty
payments related to dipeptidyl-peptidase IV inhibitor intellectual property.
[5]
On June 9, 2010, OSI was acquired by Japan-based, TSE-listed Astellas Pharma
for $4.0 billion.
Contents
1Tarceva
2See also
3References
4External links
Tarceva[edit]
See also: Erlotinib
Tarceva (Erlotinib) was OSI's flagship and, as of 2007, only marketed
product.[5][7] Tarceva is a small molecule inhibitor of theepidermal growth
factor receptor (EGFR) and is the only EGFR inhibitor to have demonstrated
the ability to improve overall survival in advanced non-small cell lung
cancer and advanced pancreatic cancer.[1] Tarceva was discovered by Pfizer
as CP-358774 (Moyer et al. Cancer Research, 1997, 57:4838), renamed OSI-774
when Pfizer was required to divest the compound in order to complete the
buyout of Warner lambert/Parke-Davis and subsequently developed by OSI in
conjunction with Genentech.
See also[edit]
Companies portal
Linsitinib (OSI-906), an inhibitor of IGF-1R in clinical trials for cancer
treatment
References[edit]
^ a b c "Who We Are". OSI Pharmaceuticals. Retrieved 2008-01-20.
^ a b c Kristi Park. "OSI Pharmaceuticals, Inc.". Hoover's. Retrieved 2008-
01-20.
^ a b "OSI Pharmaceuticals - Financials". Hoover's. EDGAROnline.
Retrieved2008-01-20.
^ "2006 Annual Report" (PDF). OSI Pharmaceuticals. 2007-02-28. pp. pg22.
Retrieved 2008-01-20. As of February 7, 2007, our number of employees
decreased to 554, of which 276 primarily are involved in research,
development and manufacturing activities and 140 primarily are involved in
the commercialization of our products.
^ a b c Querida Anderson (2007-06-15). "OSI Pharma Needs to Expand Pipeline"
.Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. p. 14.
Retrieved2008-01-20. OSI has a single marketed product backed by a mostly
early-stage pipeline.
^ "2006 Annual Report" (PDF). OSI Pharmaceuticals. 2007-02-28. pp. pg5.
Retrieved2008-01-20. As a result of our decision to divest the eye disease
business held by our wholly owned subsidiary, (OSI) Eyetech, Inc., the
operating results for (OSI) Eyetech are shown as discontinued operations...
^ "Products & Pipeline". OSI Pharmaceuticals. Retrieved 2008-01-20.
$$$$
Ocata Therapeutics
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ocata Therapeutics, Inc.
Type Public
Traded as NASDAQ: OCAT
Industry Biotechnology
Founded 1994
Headquarters Marlborough, MA
Key people
Mr. Paul K. Wotton, Ph.D.: President and CEO[1]
Robert Lanza, MD: Chief Scientific Officer
Products Stem cell therapies for macular degeneration (human safety trial
started in 2010[2]), retinis pigmentosa, glaucoma and corneal blindness [3]
Website Ocata.com
Ocata Therapeutics (named Advanced Cell Technology, Incorporated (ACT) until
November 2014)[4] is a biotechnologycompany located in Marlborough,
Massachusetts, United States. The company specializes in the development and
commercialization of cell therapies for the treatment of a variety of
diseases. Ocata is primarily developing stem cell-based technologies, both
adult and human embryonic, and other methods and treatments in the area of
regenerative medicine.[5]
In November 2015 the company announced it would be acquired by Astellas
Pharma for $379 million,[6] which was finally completed in February 2016.[7]
Contents
1History
2Research
2.1Macular degeneration
2.2Stargardt's disease
3See also
4References
5External links
History[edit]
Formed in 1994, the company was led from 2005 to late 2010 by William M.
Caldwell IV, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer.[8]Upon Mr. Caldwell's
death on December 13, 2010, Gary Rabin, a member of ACT's board of directors
with experience in investment and capital raising, assumed the role of
Chairman and CEO.[9]
In 2007 the company's Chief Scientific Officer (CSO), Michael D. West, PhD,
also founder of Geron (NASDAQ: GERN)[10] left Ocata to join a regenerative
medicine firm, BioTime (NYSE MKT: BTX) as CEO. In 2008, for $250,000 plus
royalties up to a total of $1 million, the company licensed its "
ACTCellerate" technology to BioTime.[11] Robert Lanza was appointed CSO.[12]
On November 22, 2010, the company announced that it had received approval
from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to initiate the first human
clinical trial usingembryonic stem cells to treat retinal diseases.[13] A
preliminary report of the trial published in 2012,[14] and a follow-up
article was published in February 2015.[15]
In July 2014, Ocata announced that Paul K. Wotton, previously of Antares
Pharma Inc (ATRS:NASDAQ CM), became President and Chief Executive Officer.[
16]
On August 27, 2014, Ocata announced a 1-100 reverse stock split of its
common stock.[17] Ocata was listed on NASDAQ in February 2015.[18]
Research[edit]
Macular degeneration[edit]
On November 30, 2010, Ocata filed an Investigational New Drug application
with the U.S. FDA for the first clinical trial using embryonic stem cells to
regenerate retinal pigment epithelium to treat Dry Age-Related Macular
Degeneration (Dry AMD).[19] Dry AMD is the most common form of macular
degeneration and represents a market size of $25–30 Billion in the U.S. and
Europe.[20]
Stargardt's disease[edit]
In November 2010 the FDA allowed Ocata to begin a Phase I/II human clinical
trial to use its retinal pigment epithelium cell therapy to treat Stargardt
disease, a form of inherited juvenile macular degeneration.[21]
See also[edit]
Key stem cell research events
Somatic cell nuclear transfer
Stem cells without embryonic destruction
Michael D. West
Geron Corporation
BioTime
References[edit]
^ http://www.advancedcell.com/about-act/leadership-team/senior-executive-officers/
^ "Company seeks to test stem cells for blindness". Reuters. 2009-11-25.
^ Ocata website: Pipeline Overview
^ "Advanced Cell Technology Changes Name to Ocata Therapeutics". Ocata
Therapeutics. 2014-11-14. Retrieved 2015-04-25.
^ "Race is on to use embryonic stem cells in humans". New Scientist.
November 19, 2009.
^ http://www.genengnews.com/gen-news-highlights/astellas-to-acquire-ocata-therapeutics-for-379m/81251957/
^ http://newsroom.astellas.us/news-releases?item=137160%29.
^ "Executive Profile". BusinessWeek.com. 23 March 2010.
^ "Advanced Cell Technology Senior Executive Officers". Advanced Cell
Technology. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
^ "Bloomberg Longevity Economy Conference 2013 Panelist Bio".
^ "Press Release: ACTCellerate Technology Licensed to BioTime, Inc by
Advanced Cell Technology".
^ "New Method for Controversy Free Embryonic Stem Cells". Wired Science. 9
July 2008.
^ "FDA approves second human embryonic stem cell trial". CNN.com. 22
November 2010.
^ http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60028-2/abstract
^ http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2814%2961376-3/abstract
^ http://www.marketwatch.com/story/advanced-cell-technology-appoints-paul-k-wotton-phd-president-and-chief-executive-officer-2014-06-24
^ http://online.wsj.com/article/PR-CO-20140827-918716.html
^ Ocata Therapeutics Approved for Listing on NASDAQ February 26, 2015
^ Advanced Cell Technology Files IND with FDA for First Clinical Trial Using
Embryonic Stem Cells to Treat Dry AMD.
^ ACT Seeks FDA Approval For Stem Cell Study.
^ "Advanced Cell Technology Receives FDA Clearance to Initiate Clinical
Trials". Retina Today. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
External links[edit]
Official website
Dr. Lanza's webpage
Acquisition history[edit]
The following is an illustration of the company's major mergers and
acquisitions and historical predecessors (this is not a comprehensive list):
Astellas
Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co
Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co
(Est 1894)
Lyphomed
(Acq 1990)
Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co
(Est 1923)
OSI Pharmaceuticals
(Acq 2010)
Ocata Therapeutics
(Acq 2016)
Ganymed Pharmaceuticals
(Acq 2016)
Business[edit]
Astellas' franchise areas are urology, immunology (transplantation),
dermatology, cardiology, and infectious disease. Priority areas for R&D are
infectious diseases, diabetes,gastrointestinal diseases, oncology, and
diseases of the central nervous system.
Products[edit]
Some of the key products produced by Astellas include:
Prograf (tacrolimus) - Prevention of post-transplant organ rejection
Protopic (tacrolimus ointment) - Atopic dermatitis (eczema)
Amevive (alefacept) - Plaque psoriasis
VESIcare (solifenacin succinate) - Overactive bladder (OAB) marketed with
GlaxoSmithKline
Myrbetriq (mirabegron) - Overactive bladder (OAB) US only marketed by Pfizer
Outside of US
Flomax (tamsulosin hydrochloride) - Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Adenocard (adenosine injection) - Pharmacologic stress agent for myocardial
perfusion scan
Adenoscan (adenosine injection) - Pharmacologic stress agent for myocardial
perfusion scan
Lexiscan (regadenoson injection) - Pharmacologic stress agent for myocardial
perfusion scan
Vaprisol (conivaptan) - Hyponatremia
AmBisome (amphotericin B) - Anti-fungal
Cresemba (isavuconazole) - Anti-fungal
Mycamine (micafungin sodium) - Anti-fungal
Symoron (methadone HCL) - narcotics misuse cessation
Tarceva (erlotinib) - Non-small cell lung cancer and pancreatic cancer
Xtandi (enzalutamide) - Prostate cancer
Operations[edit]
The company's headquarters are in Tokyo, with research centers in Tsukuba
and Osaka. Clinical development is centered in Northbrook, Illinois and
Leiden, Netherlands. Combined revenues of the two pre-merger companies were
$7.9 billion in 2004. Worldwide the company employs about 17,000 people. The
United States subsidiary of Astellas is Astellas US LLC.[13]
The company's advertising slogans are:
English: Leading Light for Life
Japanese: Ashita wa kaerareru. (明日は変えられる。 Changing Tomorrow.?)[14]
References[edit]
^ http://www.forbes.com/companies/astellas-pharma/
^ "Corporate Profile". Astellas Pharma. Retrieved September 9, 2014.
^ "Annual Report 2014" (PDF). Astellas Pharma. Retrieved September 9, 2014.
^ "Astellas Pharma Snapshot". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved January 25,
2015.
^ "Yamanouchi Pimafucin (natamycin) product line manufactured at least up to
11/2007"
^ Staff (November 15, 2014). "Astellas Ends Alzehimer's Collaboration with
CoMentis". Discovery & Development. Gen. Eng. Biotechnol. News (paper). 34 (
20). p. 14.
^ http://www.genengnews.com/gen-news-highlights/astellas-cytokinetics-expand-muscle-drug-collaboration/81250735/
^ http://www.genengnews.com/gen-news-highlights/astellas-to-acquire-ocata-therapeutics-for-379m/81251957/
^ http://www.genengnews.com/gen-news-highlights/astellas-to-acquire-ocata-therapeutics-for-379m/81251957/
^ http://newsroom.astellas.us/news-releases?item=137160%29.
^ http://www.genengnews.com/gen-news-highlights/leo-pharma-buys-astellas-dermatology-business-for-725m/81251969/
^ http://www.genengnews.com/gen-news-highlights/astellas-to-acquire-ganymed-pharmaceuticals-for-up-to-14b/81253378
^ Slatko, Joshua (December 2013). "BMS changes senior management team".
People on the Move: Pharma. Med Ad News. p. 27.
^ "Corporate Philosophy of Astellas Pharma". Astellas Pharma. Retrieved
September 9, 2014.
External links[edit]
Japan portal
Pharmacy and Pharmacology portal
Companies portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Astellas Pharma.
Official website (English)
"Company history books (Shashi)". Shashi Interest Group. April 2016. Wiki
collection of bibliographic works on Astellas Pharma
Deerfield School District 109
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help
improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced
material may be challenged and removed. (April 2015) (Learn how and when to
remove this template message)
Deerfield Public Schools 109 is a school district in Deerfield, Illinois. It
consists of Kipling Elementary School, South Park Elementary School, Walden
Elementary School, Wilmot Elementary School, Caruso Middle School, Shepard
Middle School, and Helping Hands Preschool.[1]
The district administration office is located on the site of Kipling
Elementary School.
Dr. Mike Lubelfeld is the district's superintendent, replacing Dr. Renee
Goier who served as Superintendent for eight years.
References[edit]
^ "DPS109". school sidebar list. DPS109. 2012. Retrieved 2013-01-18.
External links[edit]
Official website
Kinetic Engineering Limited
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Kinetic Engineering Limited
Industry Automotive
Founded 1972
Founder H.K Firodia
Headquarters Pune, India
Parent Firodia Group
Website kineticindia.com
Kinetic Engineering Limited is an Indian automotive manufacturer. The
company was founded in the year 1972 by HK Firodia. Today it is an
automotive component manufacturer which formerly sold two-wheelers under the
brand names Kinetic Honda and later Kinetic. It introduced the Kinetic Luna
moped which sold well domestically and was exported extensively to
Argentina, Brazil, the US, and Sri Lanka.
Later Kinetic Engineering formed a joint venture with Honda Motor Company to
introduce Kinetic Honda scooters, which had electric start and gearless
transmissions. Kinetic and Honda parted ways in 1998 with the Firodias
bought out the majority stake of the MNC[clarification needed] joint venture
partner. In 2008, Kinetic entered into a joint venture with Mahindra
Automobiles, where Mahindra held an 80% stake.[1] By this joint venture,
Mahindra acquired the two-wheeler manufacturing facilities as well as the
then selling brands of Kinetic.
After ceasing two-wheeler manufacturing, Kinetic Engineering produces and
exports automotive components. Kinetic Motors resumed operations in January
2011 and has announced plans to produce electric vehicles.
In February 2014, Kinetic sold its stake in Mahindra Two-Wheelers to Samena
Capital for 182 Crores.[2]
On June 27, 2015 MV Agusta to tie up with Kinetic Group for its Indian debut.
Notes[edit]
^ International Business Times, 31 July 2008, "Mahindra & Mahindra buys
Kinetic Motor for Rs.110 crore, forays into two-wheeler market" by Surojit
Chatterjee.
^ "Kinetic Engineering sells its Stake in Mahindra for 182 Crores". IANS.
news.biharprabha.com. Retrieved 25 February 2014.
External links
Niece
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Nidec Corporation
日本電産株式会社
Company headquarters and Central Technical Laboratory
Type Public KK
Traded as TYO: 6594
TOPIX 100 Component
Industry Electronic components
Founded July 23, 1973; 43 years ago
Headquarters 338 Kuzetonoshiro-cho,Minami-ku, Kyoto 601-8205,Japan
Key people Shigenobu Nagamori (CEO)
Products
Small precision motors
Automotive motors
Home appliance motors
Commercial and industrial motors
Motors for machinery
Electronic and optical components
Revenue
USD 8.49 billion (FY 2013)
(JPY 875.1 billion) (FY 2013)
Net income
USD 546 million (FY 2013)
(JPY 56.27 billion) (FY 2013)
Number of employees 100,394 (2014)
Website Official website
Footnotes / references
[1]
Nidec Corporation (日本電産株式会社 Nihon Densan Kabushiki-gaisha?) is a
Japanese manufacturer of electric motors. Their products are found in hard-
disk drives, electric appliances, automobiles and commercial and
manufacturing equipment.The company has the largest global market share for
the tiny spindle motors that power hard-disk drives.[2][3]
The two product groups with the largest sales are hard-disk drive motors and
electrical and optical components with 21.5% and 30% of sales, respectively
.[1]
As of 2015, the company has 230 subsidiaries companies located across Japan,
Asia, Europe and the Americas.[4] Nidec is listed on the first section of
the Tokyo Stock Exchange[5] and is a constituent of the TOPIX 100 stock
market index.
The company was number 42 on the 2005 edition of the Businessweek Infotech
100 list.[6] Also Nidec was featured | w*********9
发帖数: 548 | 2 【Filariasis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Filariasis
Life cycle of Wuchereria bancrofti, a parasite that causes filariasis
Classification and external resources
Specialty Infectious disease
ICD-10 B74
ICD-9-CM 125.0-125.9
Patient UK Filariasis
MeSH D005368
[edit on Wikidata]
Filariasis is a parasitic disease caused by an infection with roundworms of
the Filarioidea type.[1] These are spread by blood-feeding black flies and
mosquitoes. This disease belongs to the group of diseases called
helminthiases.
Eight known filarial nematodes use humans as their definitive hosts. These
are divided into three groups according to the niche they occupy in the body:
Lymphatic filariasis is caused by the worms Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia
malayi, and Brugia timori. These worms occupy the lymphatic system,
including the lymph nodes; in chronic cases, these worms lead to the
syndrome of elephantiasis.
Subcutaneous filariasis is caused by Loa loa (the eye worm), Mansonella
streptocerca, and Onchocerca volvulus. These worms occupy the subcutaneous
layer of the skin, in the fat layer. L. loa causes Loa loa filariasis, while
O. volvuluscauses river blindness.
Serous cavity filariasis is caused by the worms Mansonella perstans and
Mansonella ozzardi, which occupy the serous cavity of the abdomen.
The adult worms, which usually stay in one tissue, release early larval
forms known as microfilariae into the host's bloodstream. These circulating
microfilariae can be taken up with a blood meal by the arthropod vector; in
the vector, they develop into infective larvae that can be transmitted to a
new host.
Individuals infected by filarial worms may be described as either "
microfilaraemic" or "amicrofilaraemic", depending on whether microfilariae
can be found in their peripheral blood. Filariasis is diagnosed in
microfilaraemic cases primarily through direct observation of microfilariae
in the peripheral blood. Occult filariasis is diagnosed in amicrofilaraemic
cases based on clinical observations and, in some cases, by finding a
circulating antigen in the blood.
Contents
1Signs and symptoms
2Cause
3Diagnosis
3.1Concentration methods
4Treatment
5Society and culture
5.1Research teams
6Other animals
6.1Cattle
6.2Horses
6.3Dogs
7See also
8References
9Further reading
10External links
Signs and symptoms[edit]
The most spectacular symptom of lymphatic filariasis is elephantiasis—edema
with thickening of the skin and underlying tissues—which was the first
disease discovered to be transmitted by mosquito bites.[2] Elephantiasis
results when the parasites lodge in the lymphatic system.
Elephantiasis affects mainly the lower extremities, while the ears, mucous
membranes, and amputation stumps are affected less frequently. However,
different species of filarial worms tend to affect different parts of the
body; Wuchereria bancrofti can affect the legs, arms, vulva, breasts, and
scrotum (causing hydrocele formation), while Brugia timorirarely affects the
genitals.[citation needed] Those who develop the chronic stages of
elephantiasis are usually free from microfilariae (amicrofilaraemic), and
often have adverse immunological reactions to the microfilariae, as well as
the adult worms.[2]
The subcutaneous worms present with rashes, urticarial papules, and
arthritis, as well as hyper- and hypopigmentation macules. Onchocerca
volvulus manifests itself in the eyes, causing "river blindness" (
onchocerciasis), one of the leading causes of blindness in the world.[
citation needed] Serous cavity filariasis presents with symptoms similar to
subcutaneous filariasis, in addition to abdominal pain, because these worms
are also deep-tissue dwellers.
Cause[edit]
Human filarial nematode worms have complicated life cycles, which primarily
consists of five stages. After the male and female worms mate, the female
gives birth to live microfilariae by the thousands. The microfilariae are
taken up by the vector insect (intermediate host) during a blood meal. In
the intermediate host, the microfilariae molt and develop into third-stage (
infective) larvae. Upon taking another blood meal, the vector insect injects
the infectious larvae into the dermis layer of the skin. After about one
year, the larvae molt through two more stages, maturing into the adult worms.
Diagnosis[edit]
Filariasis is usually diagnosed by identifying microfilariae on Giemsa
stained, thin and thick blood film smears, using the "gold standard" known
as the finger prick test. The finger prick test draws blood from the
capillaries of the finger tip; larger veins can be used for blood extraction
, but strict windows of the time of day must be observed. Blood must be
drawn at appropriate times, which reflect the feeding activities of the
vector insects. Examples are W. bancrofti, whose vector is a mosquito; night
is the preferred time for blood collection. Loa loa's vector is the deer
fly; daytime collection is preferred. This method of diagnosis is only
relevant to microfilariae that use the blood as transport from the lungs to
the skin. Some filarial worms, such as M. streptocerca and O. volvulus,
produce microfilarae that do not use the blood; they reside in the skin only
. For these worms, diagnosis relies upon skin snips and can be carried out
at any time.
Concentration methods[edit]
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help
improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced
material may be challenged and removed. (May 2010) (Learn how and when to
remove this template message)
Various concentration methods are applied: membrane filter, Knott's
concentration method, and sedimentation technique.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and antigenic assays, which detect
circulating filarial antigens, are also available for making the diagnosis.
The latter are particularly useful in amicrofilaraemic cases. Spot tests for
antigen[3] are far more sensitive, and allow the test to be done anytime,
rather in the late hours.
Lymph node aspirate and chylous fluid may also yield microfilariae. Medical
imaging, such as CT or MRI, may reveal "filarial dance sign" in the chylous
fluid; X-ray tests can show calcified adult worms in lymphatics. The DEC
provocation test is performed to obtain satisfying numbers of parasites in
daytime samples. Xenodiagnosis is now obsolete, and eosinophilia is a
nonspecific primary sign.
Treatment[edit]
The recommended treatment for people outside the United States is
albendazole combined with ivermectin.[4][5] A combination of
diethylcarbamazine and albendazole is also effective.[4][6] Side effects of
the drugs include nausea, vomiting, and headaches.[7] All of these
treatments are microfilaricides; they have no effect on the adult worms.
While the drugs are critical for treatment of the individual, proper hygiene
is also required.[8]
Different trials were made to use the known drug at its maximum capacity in
absence of new drugs. In a study from India, it was shown that a formulation
of albendazole had better anti-filarial efficacy than albendazole itself.[9]
In 2003, the common antibiotic doxycycline was suggested for treating
elephantiasis.[10] Filarial parasites have symbiotic bacteria in the genus
Wolbachia, which live inside the worm and seem to play a major role in both
its reproduction and the development of the disease. This drug has shown
signs of inhibiting the reproduction of the bacteria, further inducing
sterility.[11] Clinical trials in June 2005 by the Liverpool School of
Tropical Medicine reported an eight-week course almost completely eliminated
microfilaraemia.[12]
Society and culture[edit]
Research teams[edit]
In 2015 William C. Campbell and Satoshi ōmura were Co-awarded half of that
year's Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of the drug
avermectin, which in the further developed form ivermectin has come to
decrease the occurrence of lymphatic filariasis.[13]
Other animals[edit]
Filariasis can also affect domesticated animals, such as cattle, sheep, and
dogs.
Cattle[edit]
Verminous hemorrhagic dermatitis is a clinical disease in cattle due to
Parafilaria bovicola.
Intradermal onchocerciasis of cattle results in losses in leather due to
Onchocerca dermata, O. ochengi, and O. dukei. O. ochengi is closely related
to human O. volvulus(river blindness), sharing the same vector, and could be
useful in human medicine research.
Stenofilaria assamensis and others cause different diseases in Asia, in
cattle and zebu.
Horses[edit]
"Summer bleeding" is hemorrhagic subcutaneous nodules in the head and upper
forelimbs, caused by Parafilaria multipapillosa (North Africa, Southern and
Eastern Europe, Asia and South America).[14]
Dogs[edit]
Heart filariasis is caused by Dirofilaria immitis.
See also[edit]
Neglected diseases
Eradication of infectious diseases
Helminthiasis
List of parasites (human)
References[edit]
^ Center for Disease Control and Prevention. "Lymphatic Filariasis".
Retrieved 18 July2010.
^ a b "Lymphatic filariasis". Health Topics A to Z. Source: The World Health
Organization. Retrieved 2013-03-24.
^ "Seva Fila" (PDF). JB Tropical Disease Research Centre & Department of
Biochemistry, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences.
^ a b The Carter Center, Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Program,
retrieved2008-07-17
^ U.S. Centers for Disease Control, Lymphatic Filariasis Treatment,
retrieved2008-07-17
^ Bockarie, Moses; Hoerauf, Achim; Taylor, Mark J. (08 October 2010). "
Lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis". The Lancet. 376 (9747): 1175-1185.
Check date values in: |date= (help);
^ Turkington, Carol A. "Filariasis". The Gale Encyclopedia of Public Health.
1: 351-353.
^ Hewitt, Kirsten; Whitworth, James AG (1 August 2005). "Filariasis".
Medicine. 33 (8): 61–64.
^ Gaur RL, Dixit S, Sahoo MK, Khanna M, Singh S, Murthy PK (2007). "Anti-
filarial activity of novel formulations of albendazole against experimental
brugian filariasis".Parasitology. 134: 537–44. doi:10.1017/
S0031182006001612. PMID 17078904.
This article relies too much on references to primary sources. Please
improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources. (October 2015) (Learn
how and when to remove this template message)
^ Hoerauf A, Mand S, Fischer K, Kruppa T, Marfo-Debrekyei Y, Debrah AY,
Pfarr KM, Adjei O, Buttner DW (2003), "Doxycycline as a novel strategy
against bancroftian filariasis-depletion of Wolbachia endosymbionts from
Wuchereria bancrofti and stop of microfilaria production", Med Microbiol
Immunol (Berl), 192 (4): 211–6,doi:10.1007/s00430-002-0174-6, PMID 12684759
^ Bockarie, Moses; Hoerauf, Achim; Taylor, Mark J. (8 October 2010). "
Lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis". The Lancet. 376 (9747): 1178.
^ Taylor MJ, Makunde WH, McGarry HF, Turner JD, Mand S, Hoerauf A (2005), "
Macrofilaricidal activity after doxycycline treatment of Wuchereria
bancrofti: a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial", Lancet, 365
(9477): 2116–21,doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66591-9, PMID 15964448
This article relies too much on references to primary sources. Please
improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources. (October 2015) (Learn
how and when to remove this template message)
^ Jan Andersson; Hans Forssberg; Juleen R. Zierath; The Nobel Assembly at
Karolinska Institutet (5 October 2015), Avermectin and Artemisinin -
Revolutionary Therapies against Parasitic Diseases (PDF), retrieved 5
October 2015
^ Pringle, Heather (3 March 2011), The Emperor and the Parasite, retrieved 9
March2011
Further reading[edit]
"Special issue", Indian Journal of Urology, 21 (1), 2005
"Filariasis". Therapeutics in Dermatology. June 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2012.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Filariasis.
Filariasis Research at the University of Tuebingen
The Carter Center Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Program
UK Health Charity working to cure and prevent Lymphatic filariasis
Brugia malayi Filarial worms. Video by R. Rao. Washington University in St.
Louis
Page from the "Merck Veterinary Manual" on "Parafilaria multipapillosa" in
horses
v
t
e
Infectious diseases
Parasitic disease: helminthiases
B65–B83
120–129
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
Satoshi ōmura
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Satoshi ōmura
Satoshi ōmura, Nobel Laureate in medicine in Stockholm December 2015
Native name 大村 智
Born 12 July 1935 (age 81)
Nirasaki, Yamanashi, Japan
Nationality Japanese
Fields Biochemistry
Institutions Kitasato University
Wesleyan University
Alma mater University of Yamanashi
Tokyo University of Science(M.S., Sc. D.)
University of Tokyo (Ph.D.)
Academic advisors Koji Nakanishi
Max Tishler
Known for Avermectin and Ivermectin
Notable awards Japan Academy Prize (1990)
Koch Gold Medal (1997)
Gairdner Global Health Award(2014)
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (2015)
Satoshi ōmura [satoɕi oːmu͍ɽa] (大村 智 ōmura Satoshi?
, born 12 July 1935) is a Japanese biochemist. He is known for the discovery
and development of various pharmaceuticals originally occurring in
microorganisms. In 2015, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine jointly with William C. Campbell and Tu Youyou.
Contents
1Education
2Career
3Honors and awards
3.1Scientific and academic
3.2National
3.3Membership in learned societies
3.4Other
4See also
5References
6External links
Education[edit]
Omura graduated from the University of Yamanashi, he received his M.S.
degree from Tokyo University of Science and his Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical
Sciences from the University of Tokyo and a Ph.D. in Chemistry at the Tokyo
University of Science.[1]
Career[edit]
Satoshi ōmura is professor emeritus at Kitasato University and Max Tishler
Professor of Chemistry at Wesleyan University. He is known for the discovery
and development of various pharmaceuticals originally occurring in
microorganisms. He was awarded the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine jointly with William C. Campbell and Tu Youyou for discoveries
concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites.
More precisely, his research group isolated a strain of Streptomyces
avermitilis that produce the anti-parasitical compound avermectin. Campbell
later acquired these bacteria and developed the derived drug ivermectin that
is today used against river blindness, lymphatic filariasis and other
parasitic infections.[1][2][3]
Atkinson, H.J. (1973). "The respiratory physiology of the marine nematodes
Enoplus brevis(Bastian) and E. communis (Bastian): I. The influence of
oxygen tension and body size"(PDF). J. Exp. Biol. 59 (1): 255–266.
Streptomyces avermitilis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Streptomyces avermitilis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Bacteria
Phylum: Actinobacteria
Class: Actinobacteria
Order: Actinomycetales
Family: Streptomycetaceae
Genus: Streptomyces
Species: S. avermitilis
Binomial name
Streptomyces avermitilis
(ex Burg[1] et al. 1979) Kim andGoodfellow 2002[2]
Strains
Streptomyces avermitilis MA-4680
Synonyms
Streptomyces avermectiniusTakahashi et al. 2002[3]
Streptomyces avermitilis is a bacterium species in the genus Streptomyces.
The first complete genome sequence of S. avermitilis was completed in 2003.[
4] This genome forms a chromosome with a linear structure, unlike most
bacterial genomes, which exist in the form of circular chromosomes.[5]
Avermectins are produced from S. avermitilis.[1] One of the most widely
employed drugs against nematode and arthropod infestations is the avermectin
derivative ivermectin, as well as abamectin, a widely used insecticide and
antihelmintic.
See also[edit]
List of Streptomyces species
References[edit]
^ a b Burg, R. W.; Miller, B. M.; Baker, E. E.; Birnbaum, J.; Currie, S. A.;
Hartman, R.; Kong, Y. L.; Monaghan, R. L.; Olson, G.; Putter, I.; Tunac, J.
B.; Wallick, H.; Stapley, E. O.; Oiwa, R.; Omura, S. (1979). "Avermectins,
new family of potent anthelmintic agents: Producing organism and
fermentation". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 15 (3): 361–367. doi:
10.1128/AAC.15.3.361. PMC 352666. PMID 464561.
^ Kim, S. B.; Goodfellow, M. (2002). "Streptomyces avermitilis sp. nov., nom
. Rev., a taxonomic home for the avermectin-producing streptomycetes".
International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 52 (Pt 6)
^ Takahashi, Y.; Matsumoto, A.; Seino, A.; Ueno, J.; Iwai, Y.; Omura, S. (
2002). "Streptomyces avermectinius sp. nov., an avermectin-producing strain"
. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 52 (Pt
6): 2163–2168. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.02237-0. PMID 12508884.
^ Ikeda H, Ishikawa J, Hanamoto A, Shinose M, Kikuchi H, Shiba T, Sakaki Y,
Hattori M, Omura S (2003). "Complete genome sequence and comparative
analysis of the industrial microorganism Streptomyces avermitilis". Nat.
Biotechnol. 21 (5): 526–531. doi:10.1038/nbt820.PMID 12692562.
^ Paul Dyson (1 January 2011). Streptomyces: Molecular Biology and
Biotechnology. Horizon Scientific Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-904455-77-6.
Retrieved 16 January 2012.
External links[edit]
Wikispecies has information related to: Streptomyces avermitilis
"Streptomyces avermitilis". National Center for Biotechnology Information (
NCBI).
Honors and awards[edit]
Scientific and academic[edit]
1985 – Hoechst-Roussel Award[4]
1986 – The Pharmaceutical Society of Japan Award[4]
1988 – Uehara Prize[4]
1990 – Japan Academy Prize (academics)[4]
1995 – Fujiwara Prize[4]
1997 – Robert Koch Gold Medal[5]
1998 – Prince Mahidol Award[4]
2000 – Nakanishi Prize (American Chemical Society and Chemical Society of
Japan)[4]
2005 – Ernest Guenther Award in the Chemistry of Natural Products (American
Chemical Society)[4]
2007 – Hamao Umezawa Memorial Award[4]
2010 – Tetrahedron Prize for Creativity in Organic Chemistry[4]
2011 – Arima Award[4]
2014 – Canada Gairdner Global Health Award[6]
2015 – Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
National[edit]
1992 – Medal with Purple Ribbon[4]
2011 – Order of the Sacred Treasure, Gold and Silver Star[7]
2012 – Person of Cultural Merit[4]
Membership in learned societies[edit]
1992 – Academy of Sciences Leopoldina[8]
1999 – National Academy of Sciences[9]
2001 – Japan Academy[10]
2002 – Académie des sciences[11]
Other[edit]
2008 – Knight of the Legion of Honour of France
See also[edit]
List of Japanese Nobel laureates
Merck & Co.
Koji Nakanishi
Tohru Fukuyama
Kitasato Shibasaburō
References[edit]
^ a b "Satoshi Omura PhD". Retrieved 5 October 2015.
^ http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2015/press.pdf
^ "Japanese microbiologist Satoshi Omura shares Nobel Prize for medicine".
The Japan Times. 5 October 2015. Retrieved 5 October 2015.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Satoshi ōmura. "Satoshi ōmura Curriculum Vitae
" (PDF).
^ "Robert Koch Gold Medal". Robert-Koch-Stiftung e.V. Retrieved 2015-10-05.
^ http://www.gairdner.org/content/satoshi-omura
^ 【政府】11年「春の叙勲」┥锸悉诵裰亍⒋蟠迨悉鹬薬事日報 2011年6月20日
^ List of Members | Prof. Dr. Dr. Satoshi ōmura
^ Member Directory | Satoshi Omura
^ Japan Academy membership profile
^ Académie des sciences membership profile
Astellas Pharma
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Astellas Pharma Inc.
Type Public KK
Traded as
TYO: 4503
TOPIX 100 Component
Nikkei 225 Component
Industry Pharmaceutical
Predecessors Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical
Fujisawa Pharmaceutical
(Merged in 2005)
Founded 2005; 11 years ago
Headquarters 2-5-1, Nihonbashi-Honcho, Chūō-ku, Tokyo 103-8411, Japan
Key people Yoshihiko Hatanaka
(President and CEO)
Products
Prograf
Harnal
Vesicare
Funguard/Mycamine
Protopic
and other pharmaceuticals
Revenue US$11,060,000,000 (FY 2013)
Profit US$1,280,000,000 (￥1,139,000,000,000) (FY 2013)
Total assets $14.86 billion (2016)[1]
Number of employees 17,649 (consolidated as of March 2014)
Subsidiaries Astellas US
Website Official website
Footnotes / references
[2][3][4]
Astellas Pharma Inc. (アステラス製薬株式会社 Asuterasu Seiyaku Kabushiki-
gaisha?) is a Japanese pharmaceutical company, formed on 1 April 2005 from
the merger of Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (山之内製薬株式会社
Yamanouchi Seiyaku Kabushiki-gaisha?) and Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
(藤沢薬品工業株式会社 Fujisawa Yakuhin Kōgyō Kabushiki-gaisha?).
Astellas is a member of the Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group (MUFJ) keiretsu.
Contents
1History
1.1Early foundations
1.2Recent times & mergers
1.3Acquisition history
2Business
2.1Products
3Operations
4References
5External links
SOUTH SAN FRANCISCO, Calif., Dec. 16, 2016 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Cytokinetics
(Nasdaq:CYTK) today announced it has been selected for addition to the
Nasdaq Biotechnology Index (Nasdaq:NBI). The addition will take effect as
part of the annual re-ranking of the NBI upon market open on Monday,
December 19, 2016.
Companies in the NBI must meet eligibility requirements, including minimum
market capitalization, average daily trading volume, and seasoning as a
public company, among other criteria. The index is evaluated semi-annually
in May and November and serves as the basis for the iShares NASDAQ
Biotechnology Index Fund. The Index is designed to track the performance of
a set of securities listed on the NASDAQ Stock Market that are classified as
either biotechnology or pharmaceutical according to the Industry
Classification Benchmark (ICB). For more information about the NASDAQ
Biotechnology Index, including eligibility criteria, visithttps://indexes.
nasdaqomx.com.
About Cytokinetics
Cytokinetics is a late-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on
discovering, developing and commercializing first-in-class muscle activators
as potential treatments for debilitating diseases in which muscle
performance is compromised and/or declining. As a leader in muscle biology
and the mechanics of muscle performance, the company is developing small
molecule drug candidates specifically engineered to increase muscle function
and contractility. Cytokinetics’ lead drug candidate is tirasemtiv, a fast
skeletal muscle troponin activator, for the potential treatment of ALS.
Tirasemtiv has been granted orphan drug designation and fast track status by
the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and orphan medicinal product
designation by the European Medicines Agency for the potential treatment of
ALS. Cytokinetics retains the right to develop and commercialize tirasemtiv,
subject to an option held by Astellas Pharma Inc. Cytokinetics is also
collaborating with Astellas to develop CK-2127107, a fast skeletal muscle
activator, for the potential treatment of spinal muscular atrophy, chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease and ALS.Cytokinetics is collaborating with
Amgen Inc. to develop omecamtiv mecarbil, a novel cardiac muscle activator,
for the potential treatment of heart failure. Amgen holds an exclusive
license worldwide to develop and commercialize omecamtiv mecarbil and
Astellas holds an exclusive license worldwide to develop and commercialize
CK-2127107. Both licenses are subject toCytokinetics' specified development
and commercialization participation rights. For additional information about
Cytokinetics, visit http://www.cytokinetics.com/.
History[edit]
Early foundations[edit]
Fujisawa Shoten was started in 1894 by Tomokichi Fujisawa in Osaka, and was
renamed Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co. in 1943. Yamanouchi Yakuhin Shokai was
started in 1923 by Kenji Yamanouchi in Osaka. The company was renamed
Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co. in 1940 and moved to Tokyo in 1942. Both
companies started their overseas expansion at about the same time, opening
offices in Taiwan in 1962 and 1963, respectively, and in the United States
and Europe from 1977 onwards.
Recent times & mergers[edit]
Fujisawa acquired Lyphomed in 1990 and thereafter established its US R&D
center in Deerfield, Illinois. Yamanouchi's R&D center in Leiderdorp was
established with the acquisition of the pharmaceutical division of Royal
Gist Brocades in 1991. Fujisawa and Yamanouchi combined in a "merger of
equals," forming Astellas Pharma on 1 April 2005. At least some of its older
products continue to be distributed under the original brand, ostensibly
due to high brand-name recognition.[5] Astellas had a collaboration
agreement with CoMentis from 2008 to 2014 focused on development of beta-
secretase inhibitor therapeutics forAlzheimer's disease.[6]
On June 9, 2010, Astellas acquired OSI Pharmaceuticals for $4.0 billion. In
December 2014, Astellas expanded its 18-month-old collaboration with
Cytokinetics, focussing on the R&D and commercialisation of skeletal muscle
activators. The companies announced they will advance the development of CK-
2127107 (a fast skeletal troponin activator) into Phase II clinical trials
for the treatment of spinal muscular atrophy and possibly other
neuromuscular conditions. The companies have extended their R&D program
focussing on the discovery of additional skeletal sarcomere activators
through into 2016. The collaboration is expected to generate more than $600
million for Cytokinetics as well as $75 million in milestone payments.[7] In
November 2015 the company announced its move to acquire Ocata Therapeutics
(formerly Advanced Cell Technology) for $379 million.[8] As of January 14,
2016, Astellas has not been able to acquire a majority of Ocata's common
stock, which is necessary to complete the acquisition. The first deadline in
the acquisition was November 17, 2015, and due to Astellas' failure to
acquire a majority of Ocata's common stock, the deadline was extended to
January 21, 2016. Many long-term stockholders have vowed to fight this
acquisition by every legal means available to them, because they claim that
the Astellas offer represents a huge discount - not a premium - to what they
say is Ocata's true value. The deal was finally completed in February 2016.
[9] [10] Later in November 2015 the company announce it would sell its
dermatology business to LEO Pharma for $725 million.[11] In October 2016
Astellas announced it would acquire Ganymed Pharmaceuticals for $1.4 billion
[12]
Leo Pharma
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Leo Pharma A/S
Type Aktieselskab A/S Danish Public Limited stock based corporation
Industry Pharmaceutical industry
Founded 1908
Founder August Kongsted and Anton Antons
Headquarters Ballerup, Copenhagen,Denmark
Area served Worldwide
Key people Gitte Aabo (CEO)
Products Prescription drugs fordermatology, bone remodelingthrombosis and
coagulation
Revenue 7.973 billion DKK (2014)[1]
Total assets 31.627 billion DKK (2014)[1]
Number of employees 4,712 (2014)[1]
Website Home Page
Footnotes / references
Wholly owned by a foundation (nonprofit)
Leo Pharma A/S is a multinational Danish pharmaceutical company, founded in
1908, with a presence in about 100 countries. Its headquarters are in
Ballerup, near Copenhagen[2] The company is 100% integrated into a private
foundation owned by the LEO Foundation.[3] Leo Pharma develops and markets
products for dermatology, bone remodeling thrombosis and coagulation.[4] In
1945 it was the first producer of penicillin outside the USA and UK.
Contents
1History
1.1Formation & the 20th Century
1.221st Century & onwards
2References
History[edit]
Formation & the 20th Century[edit]
In 1908, pharmacists August Kongsted and Anton Antons bought the LEO
Pharmacy in Copenhagen, Denmark. With the purchase, they established 'Kø
;benhavns Løveapoteks kemiske Fabrik', today known as LEO Pharma. LEO
Pharma celebrated its centennial in 2008. Flags bearing the LEO logo were
flying in every country where LEO products are available, more than a
hundred flags in total. Today, LEO Pharma has an ever growing pipeline with
over 4,800 specialists focussing on dermatology and thrombosis.
1912 – The company launched its own Aspirin headache tablet
1917 – The company exported Denmarks first drug, Digisolvin
1940 – The company launched its own Heparin product.
1958-08-13 - Patent filed for Bendrofluazide.[5]
1962 – The company launched Fucidin to be used to treat staphylococcus
infections
21st Century & onwards[edit]
In 2015, the company announced it would acquire Astellas Pharmas dermatology
business for $725 million.[6]
References[edit]
^ a b c http://www.leo-pharma.com/Files/Filer/LEO_corporate_downloads/LEO_Pharma_Annual_Report_2014_FINAL_Web.pdf
^ Leo Pharma A/S published list of products
^ "About us - LEO Pharma". leo-pharma.com.
^ Highbeam news clipping service, UK
^ GB 863474
^ "LEO Pharma Buys Astellas' Dermatology Business for $725M". GEN.
OSI Pharmaceuticals
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article relies too much on references to primary sources. Please
improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources.(June 2014) (Learn how
and when to remove this template message)
OSI Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Shaping Medicine, Changing Lives[1]
Type Subsidiary
Industry Pharmaceutical[2]
Founded 1983
Headquarters Melville, New York
Key people Colin Goddard, CEO
Michael G. Atieh, CFO
Robert A. Ingram, Chairman[2]
Products Biopharmaceuticals
Biotherapeutics
Revenue $375.7 MillionUSD(2006)[3]
Net income $-582.2 Million USD(2006)[3]
Number of employees 554 (2007-02)[4]
Parent Astellas Pharma (2010-present)
Website www.osip.com
OSI Pharmaceuticals, Inc. is an American pharmaceutical company based in
Long Island, New York with facilities in Colorado, New Jersey and the United
Kingdom. OSI specializes in the discovery and development of molecular
targeted therapies. Thoughoncology is the top priority for OSI, research and
development targeting type 2 diabetes and obesity is conducted through
their U.K. subsidiary Prosidion Limited.[1][2] OSI has also made a foray
into the ophthalmology market through a marketing agreement withPfizer over
Macugen (Pegaptanib) for Age-related macular degeneration; however,
acquisition of the firm Eyetech, meant to provide control over this product
and diversify the company, has been unsuccessful, ending in divestiture.[5][
6]
In mid-2007, OSI's revenues were based primarily on proceeds from Tarceva
sales (which are shared with Genentech andHoffmann–La Roche) and royalty
payments related to dipeptidyl-peptidase IV inhibitor intellectual property.
[5]
On June 9, 2010, OSI was acquired by Japan-based, TSE-listed Astellas Pharma
for $4.0 billion.
Contents
1Tarceva
2See also
3References
4External links
Tarceva[edit]
See also: Erlotinib
Tarceva (Erlotinib) was OSI's flagship and, as of 2007, only marketed
product.[5][7] Tarceva is a small molecule inhibitor of theepidermal growth
factor receptor (EGFR) and is the only EGFR inhibitor to have demonstrated
the ability to improve overall survival in advanced non-small cell lung
cancer and advanced pancreatic cancer.[1] Tarceva was discovered by Pfizer
as CP-358774 (Moyer et al. Cancer Research, 1997, 57:4838), renamed OSI-774
when Pfizer was required to divest the compound in order to complete the
buyout of Warner lambert/Parke-Davis and subsequently developed by OSI in
conjunction with Genentech.
See also[edit]
Companies portal
Linsitinib (OSI-906), an inhibitor of IGF-1R in clinical trials for cancer
treatment
References[edit]
^ a b c "Who We Are". OSI Pharmaceuticals. Retrieved 2008-01-20.
^ a b c Kristi Park. "OSI Pharmaceuticals, Inc.". Hoover's. Retrieved 2008-
01-20.
^ a b "OSI Pharmaceuticals - Financials". Hoover's. EDGAROnline.
Retrieved2008-01-20.
^ "2006 Annual Report" (PDF). OSI Pharmaceuticals. 2007-02-28. pp. pg22.
Retrieved 2008-01-20. As of February 7, 2007, our number of employees
decreased to 554, of which 276 primarily are involved in research,
development and manufacturing activities and 140 primarily are involved in
the commercialization of our products.
^ a b c Querida Anderson (2007-06-15). "OSI Pharma Needs to Expand Pipeline"
.Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News. Mary Ann Liebert, Inc. p. 14.
Retrieved2008-01-20. OSI has a single marketed product backed by a mostly
early-stage pipeline.
^ "2006 Annual Report" (PDF). OSI Pharmaceuticals. 2007-02-28. pp. pg5.
Retrieved2008-01-20. As a result of our decision to divest the eye disease
business held by our wholly owned subsidiary, (OSI) Eyetech, Inc., the
operating results for (OSI) Eyetech are shown as discontinued operations...
^ "Products & Pipeline". OSI Pharmaceuticals. Retrieved 2008-01-20.
$$$$
Ocata Therapeutics
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ocata Therapeutics, Inc.
Type Public
Traded as NASDAQ: OCAT
Industry Biotechnology
Founded 1994
Headquarters Marlborough, MA
Key people
Mr. Paul K. Wotton, Ph.D.: President and CEO[1]
Robert Lanza, MD: Chief Scientific Officer
Products Stem cell therapies for macular degeneration (human safety trial
started in 2010[2]), retinis pigmentosa, glaucoma and corneal blindness [3]
Website Ocata.com
Ocata Therapeutics (named Advanced Cell Technology, Incorporated (ACT) until
November 2014)[4] is a biotechnologycompany located in Marlborough,
Massachusetts, United States. The company specializes in the development and
commercialization of cell therapies for the treatment of a variety of
diseases. Ocata is primarily developing stem cell-based technologies, both
adult and human embryonic, and other methods and treatments in the area of
regenerative medicine.[5]
In November 2015 the company announced it would be acquired by Astellas
Pharma for $379 million,[6] which was finally completed in February 2016.[7]
Contents
1History
2Research
2.1Macular degeneration
2.2Stargardt's disease
3See also
4References
5External links
History[edit]
Formed in 1994, the company was led from 2005 to late 2010 by William M.
Caldwell IV, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer.[8]Upon Mr. Caldwell's
death on December 13, 2010, Gary Rabin, a member of ACT's board of directors
with experience in investment and capital raising, assumed the role of
Chairman and CEO.[9]
In 2007 the company's Chief Scientific Officer (CSO), Michael D. West, PhD,
also founder of Geron (NASDAQ: GERN)[10] left Ocata to join a regenerative
medicine firm, BioTime (NYSE MKT: BTX) as CEO. In 2008, for $250,000 plus
royalties up to a total of $1 million, the company licensed its "
ACTCellerate" technology to BioTime.[11] Robert Lanza was appointed CSO.[12]
On November 22, 2010, the company announced that it had received approval
from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to initiate the first human
clinical trial usingembryonic stem cells to treat retinal diseases.[13] A
preliminary report of the trial published in 2012,[14] and a follow-up
article was published in February 2015.[15]
In July 2014, Ocata announced that Paul K. Wotton, previously of Antares
Pharma Inc (ATRS:NASDAQ CM), became President and Chief Executive Officer.[
16]
On August 27, 2014, Ocata announced a 1-100 reverse stock split of its
common stock.[17] Ocata was listed on NASDAQ in February 2015.[18]
Research[edit]
Macular degeneration[edit]
On November 30, 2010, Ocata filed an Investigational New Drug application
with the U.S. FDA for the first clinical trial using embryonic stem cells to
regenerate retinal pigment epithelium to treat Dry Age-Related Macular
Degeneration (Dry AMD).[19] Dry AMD is the most common form of macular
degeneration and represents a market size of $25–30 Billion in the U.S. and
Europe.[20]
Stargardt's disease[edit]
In November 2010 the FDA allowed Ocata to begin a Phase I/II human clinical
trial to use its retinal pigment epithelium cell therapy to treat Stargardt
disease, a form of inherited juvenile macular degeneration.[21]
See also[edit]
Key stem cell research events
Somatic cell nuclear transfer
Stem cells without embryonic destruction
Michael D. West
Geron Corporation
BioTime
References[edit]
^ http://www.advancedcell.com/about-act/leadership-team/senior-executive-officers/
^ "Company seeks to test stem cells for blindness". Reuters. 2009-11-25.
^ Ocata website: Pipeline Overview
^ "Advanced Cell Technology Changes Name to Ocata Therapeutics". Ocata
Therapeutics. 2014-11-14. Retrieved 2015-04-25.
^ "Race is on to use embryonic stem cells in humans". New Scientist.
November 19, 2009.
^ http://www.genengnews.com/gen-news-highlights/astellas-to-acquire-ocata-therapeutics-for-379m/81251957/
^ http://newsroom.astellas.us/news-releases?item=137160%29.
^ "Executive Profile". BusinessWeek.com. 23 March 2010.
^ "Advanced Cell Technology Senior Executive Officers". Advanced Cell
Technology. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
^ "Bloomberg Longevity Economy Conference 2013 Panelist Bio".
^ "Press Release: ACTCellerate Technology Licensed to BioTime, Inc by
Advanced Cell Technology".
^ "New Method for Controversy Free Embryonic Stem Cells". Wired Science. 9
July 2008.
^ "FDA approves second human embryonic stem cell trial". CNN.com. 22
November 2010.
^ http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60028-2/abstract
^ http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2814%2961376-3/abstract
^ http://www.marketwatch.com/story/advanced-cell-technology-appoints-paul-k-wotton-phd-president-and-chief-executive-officer-2014-06-24
^ http://online.wsj.com/article/PR-CO-20140827-918716.html
^ Ocata Therapeutics Approved for Listing on NASDAQ February 26, 2015
^ Advanced Cell Technology Files IND with FDA for First Clinical Trial Using
Embryonic Stem Cells to Treat Dry AMD.
^ ACT Seeks FDA Approval For Stem Cell Study.
^ "Advanced Cell Technology Receives FDA Clearance to Initiate Clinical
Trials". Retina Today. Retrieved 5 April 2015.
External links[edit]
Official website
Dr. Lanza's webpage
Acquisition history[edit]
The following is an illustration of the company's major mergers and
acquisitions and historical predecessors (this is not a comprehensive list):
Astellas
Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co
Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co
(Est 1894)
Lyphomed
(Acq 1990)
Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co
(Est 1923)
OSI Pharmaceuticals
(Acq 2010)
Ocata Therapeutics
(Acq 2016)
Ganymed Pharmaceuticals
(Acq 2016)
Business[edit]
Astellas' franchise areas are urology, immunology (transplantation),
dermatology, cardiology, and infectious disease. Priority areas for R&D are
infectious diseases, diabetes,gastrointestinal diseases, oncology, and
diseases of the central nervous system.
Products[edit]
Some of the key products produced by Astellas include:
Prograf (tacrolimus) - Prevention of post-transplant organ rejection
Protopic (tacrolimus ointment) - Atopic dermatitis (eczema)
Amevive (alefacept) - Plaque psoriasis
VESIcare (solifenacin succinate) - Overactive bladder (OAB) marketed with
GlaxoSmithKline
Myrbetriq (mirabegron) - Overactive bladder (OAB) US only marketed by Pfizer
Outside of US
Flomax (tamsulosin hydrochloride) - Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
Adenocard (adenosine injection) - Pharmacologic stress agent for myocardial
perfusion scan
Adenoscan (adenosine injection) - Pharmacologic stress agent for myocardial
perfusion scan
Lexiscan (regadenoson injection) - Pharmacologic stress agent for myocardial
perfusion scan
Vaprisol (conivaptan) - Hyponatremia
AmBisome (amphotericin B) - Anti-fungal
Cresemba (isavuconazole) - Anti-fungal
Mycamine (micafungin sodium) - Anti-fungal
Symoron (methadone HCL) - narcotics misuse cessation
Tarceva (erlotinib) - Non-small cell lung cancer and pancreatic cancer
Xtandi (enzalutamide) - Prostate cancer
Operations[edit]
The company's headquarters are in Tokyo, with research centers in Tsukuba
and Osaka. Clinical development is centered in Northbrook, Illinois and
Leiden, Netherlands. Combined revenues of the two pre-merger companies were
$7.9 billion in 2004. Worldwide the company employs about 17,000 people. The
United States subsidiary of Astellas is Astellas US LLC.[13]
The company's advertising slogans are:
English: Leading Light for Life
Japanese: Ashita wa kaerareru. (明日は変えられる。 Changing Tomorrow.?)[14]
References[edit]
^ http://www.forbes.com/companies/astellas-pharma/
^ "Corporate Profile". Astellas Pharma. Retrieved September 9, 2014.
^ "Annual Report 2014" (PDF). Astellas Pharma. Retrieved September 9, 2014.
^ "Astellas Pharma Snapshot". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved January 25,
2015.
^ "Yamanouchi Pimafucin (natamycin) product line manufactured at least up to
11/2007"
^ Staff (November 15, 2014). "Astellas Ends Alzehimer's Collaboration with
CoMentis". Discovery & Development. Gen. Eng. Biotechnol. News (paper). 34 (
20). p. 14.
^ http://www.genengnews.com/gen-news-highlights/astellas-cytokinetics-expand-muscle-drug-collaboration/81250735/
^ http://www.genengnews.com/gen-news-highlights/astellas-to-acquire-ocata-therapeutics-for-379m/81251957/
^ http://www.genengnews.com/gen-news-highlights/astellas-to-acquire-ocata-therapeutics-for-379m/81251957/
^ http://newsroom.astellas.us/news-releases?item=137160%29.
^ http://www.genengnews.com/gen-news-highlights/leo-pharma-buys-astellas-dermatology-business-for-725m/81251969/
^ http://www.genengnews.com/gen-news-highlights/astellas-to-acquire-ganymed-pharmaceuticals-for-up-to-14b/81253378
^ Slatko, Joshua (December 2013). "BMS changes senior management team".
People on the Move: Pharma. Med Ad News. p. 27.
^ "Corporate Philosophy of Astellas Pharma". Astellas Pharma. Retrieved
September 9, 2014.
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
Suntory
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Suntory Holdings Limited
サントリーホールディングス株式会社
Type Kabushiki gait
Industry Beverage
Founded Osaka, Japan
1899; 117 years ago
Founder Torii Shinjiro
Headquarters Osaka, Japan
Key people Nobutada Saji
Subsidiaries Beam, Inc.
Website suntory.com
Suntory Holdings Limited (サントリーホールディングス株式会社 Santorī Hō
rudingusu Kabushiki-Gaisha?) is a Japanese brewing and distilling company
group. Established in 1899, it is one of the oldest companies in the
distribution of alcoholic beverages in Japan, and makes Japanese whisky. Its
business has expanded to other fields, and the company now also makes soft
drinks and operates sandwich chains. With its 2014 acquisition of Beam, Inc.
, it has diversified internationally and become one of the largest makers of
distilled beverages in the world. Suntory is headquartered in Dojimahama 2-
chome, Kita-ku, Osaka, Osaka Prefecture.
Contents
1History
2Holdings
3Joint ventures
4Media and advertising
5Products
5.1Alcoholic drinks
5.2Soft drinks
5.3Food for specified health uses
6See also
7References
8External links
History[edit]
Suntory headquarters, Osaka,Japan
Suntory was started by Torii Shinjiro, who first opened his store Torii
Shoten in Osaka on February 1, 1899, to sell imported wines. In 1907, the
store began selling a sweet tasting red wine called Akadama Port Wine. The
store became the Kotobukiya company in 1921 to further expand its business
and in 1923, Torii Shinjiro built Japan's first malt whisky distillery
Yamazaki Distillery. Production began in December 1924 and five years later
Suntory Whisky Shirofuda (White Label), the first single malt whisky made in
Japan, was sold.
Due to shortages during World War II, Kotobukiya was forced to halt its
development of new products, but in 1946 it re-released Torys Whisky, which
sold well in post-war Japan. In 1961, Kotobukiya launched the "Drink Torys
and Go to Hawaii" campaign. At the time, a trip abroad was considered a once
-in-a-lifetime opportunity. In 1963, Kotobukiya changed its name to "Suntory
", taken from the name of the whisky it produces. In the same year,
Musashino Beer Factory began its production of the Suntory Beer. In 1997,
the company becameJapan's sole bottler, distributor, and licensee of Pepsi
products.
On April 1, 2009, Suntory became a stockholding company named Suntory
Holdings Limited (サントリーホールディングス株式会社?) and established
Suntory Beverage and Food Limited (サントリー食品株式会社?), Suntory
Products Limited (サントリープロダクツ株式会社?), Suntory Wellness Limited (
サントリーウェルネス株式会社?), Suntory Liquors Limited (サントリー酒類株式
会社?), Suntory Beer & Spirits Limited (サントリービア&スピリッツ株式会社?),
Suntory Wine International Limited (サントリーワインインターナショナル株式
会社?), and Suntory Business Expert Limited (サントリービジネスエキスパート
株式会社?).[1]
On July 14, 2009, Kirin announced that it was negotiating with Suntory on a
merger.[2] On February 8, 2010, it was announced that negotiations between
the two were terminated.[3]
In 2009 they acquired Orangina, the orange soft drink for 300 billion yen,
and Frucor energy drinks for 600 million euros.[4] On 2 July 2013 the
company debuted on the Tokyo stock exchange and raised almost US$4 billion
in the process.[5]
In January 2014, Suntory announced an agreement to buy the largest U.S.
bourbon producer, Beam Inc. for US$16 billion.[6] This deal would make
Suntory the world's third largest spirits maker.[7] The acquisition was
completed on April 30, 2014, when it was also announced that Beam would be
renamed as Beam Suntory.[8][9]
Also in January 2014, Suntory purchased the drinks division of British
GlaxoSmithKline. This included the brands Lucozade and Ribena, however, the
deal did not includeHorlicks.[10]
Holdings[edit]
Suntory Malt's beer
Beam Suntory
Cerebos Pacific Ltd
Chateau Lagrange S.A.S
Florigene Pty Ltd
Frucor Beverages Limited
Gold Knoll Ltd
Grupo Restaurante Suntory Mexico
Louis Royer S.A.S
Morrison Bowmore Distillers, Limited
OranginaSchweppes Group[11]
Pepsi Bottling Ventures LLC
Subway Japan
Tipco F&B Co., Ltd
Joint ventures[edit]
A Suntory "Kaku-bin" Whisky bottle and glass display at a Yamaya Liquor
store in Iizaka, Japan
From the early 1990s, Suntory has collaborated extensively with Melbourne
biotechnology firm Florigene to genetically engineer the world's first true
blue rose, a symbol often associated with the impossible or unattainable. In
1991, the team won the intense global race to isolate the gene responsible
for blue flowers, and has since developed a range of genetically modified
flowers expressing colors in the blue spectrum, as well as a number of other
breakthroughs extending the vase life of cut flowers.
In 2003, Suntory acquired a 98.5% equity holding in Florigene. Prior to this
, Florigene had been a subsidiary of global agrochemicals giant Nufarm
Limited since 1999. In July 2004, Suntory and Florigene scientists announced
to the world the development of the first roses containing blue pigment, an
important step toward the creation of a truly blue colored rose.
In July 2011, Suntory Beverage and Food Limited together with PT GarudaFood
from MNC Group in Indonesia have agreed to make a new firm to produce non-
alcoholic drink with 51 percent and 49 percent shares respectively. It will
produce Suntory Ooolong Tea, Boss and Orangina.[12]
Media and advertising[edit]
Advertising poster of "AKADAMA Port Wine”, the first nude advertising
poster in Japan. Published in 1922 (Taisho 11). Directed by Toshiro Kataoka
featuring Emiko Matsushima
Suntory and its various products are featured in the Ryū ga Gotoku/Yakuza
series of games.
Suntory was one of the first Asian companies to specifically employ American
celebrities to market their product.[citation needed] One of the most
notable is Sammy Davis, Jr., who appeared in a series of Suntory commercials
in the early 1970s. In the late 1970s, Akira Kurosawa directed a series of
commercials featuring American celebrities on the set of his film Kagemusha.
One of these featuredFrancis Ford Coppola (an executive producer of the
film), which later inspired his daughter Sofia Coppola in her writing of
Lost in Translation, a film which focuses on an American actor filming a
Suntory commercial in Tokyo.
A Reuters photo by Toshiyuki Aizawa from July 2003 showed Suntory's
marketing strategy of TV helmets. In this scheme, advertising company
employees clad in orange jumpsuits wear television cameras that broadcast
wide-screen digital feeds of the brewing company's commercial on top of
their helmets.
Suntory operates two museums, the Suntory Museum of Art in Tokyo and the
Suntory Museum Tempozan in Osaka, in addition to a number of cultural and
social programs across Japan.
Suntory produced several drinks under the name "Final Fantasy Potion", named
for the weakest and most common healing item in the game. Each was released
in Japan only for a limited time to promote the release of the Square Enix
game Final Fantasy XII, the 10th anniversary of Final Fantasy VII, and the
release of Dissidia Final Fantasy, which comes in two varieties. All the
drinks are different despite sharing the name. For the release of Final
Fantasy XIII, the Potion name was abandoned and replaced with Elixir, an
item which typically heals one party member fully and restores all MP.
Suntory owns a top Japanese rugby club called the Suntory Sungoliath.
In the 1970s, Suntory engaged the US pop group the Carpenters to advertise
its new line of soft drinks.
Suntory is a former sponsor of the professional match play golf tournament,
played annually at Wentworth Club, near London.
Suntory Kakubin is featured in an episode of the 2006 anime series Bartender
entitled "Menu of the Heart".
In the 2000s, to advertise its The Premium Malt beer, there were a series of
television ads featuring Eikichi Yazawa and various versions of the title
song of "Shall We Dance?".[disambiguation needed]
Products[edit]
Malt's beer served at Suntory's Kyoto brewery, Kyoto
Alcoholic drinks[edit]
Beers
Malt's
Suntory
Brandy (Centenario, Courvoisier, Fundador)
Gin (Gilbey's, Larios)
Rum (Cruzan, Ronrico)
Tequila (100 Años, El Tesoro, Hornitos, Sauza, Sauza Tres Generaciones)
Vodka (Effen, Kamchatka, Pinnacle, Vox)
Whisky
American whiskey
Blended whiskey (Beam's Eight Star, Kessler)
Kentucky Bourbon
Jim Beam (the top-selling brand of Kentucky bourbon)
Jim Beam small batch brands (Baker's, Basil Hayden's, Booker's, Knob Creek)
Maker's Mark
Old Crow
Old Grand-Dad
Rye whiskey (Jim Beam Rye, Knob Creek Rye, Old Overholt, (ri)1)
Canadian whisky (Alberta Premium, Canadian Club, Tangle Ridge, Windsor)
Irish whiskey (2 Gingers, Connemara, Grenore, Kilbeggan, Tyrconnell)
Japanese whisky (Hakushu, Hibiki, Torys, Suntory, Yamazaki)
Scotch whisky (Ardmore, Auchentoshan, Bowmore, Glen Garioch, Laphroaig,
McClelland's, Teacher's)
Spanish whisky (DYC)
Cocktails and liqueurs
Calico Jack flavored rum
Midori Melon liqueur
Rubis Strawberry liqueur
Lena Banana liqueur
Mohala Mango liqueur
Blue Curacao
Skinnygirl pre-mixed margarita
Aki (discontinued in 1988)
Pavan
Soft drinks[edit]
Bikkle
Boss Coffee
C.C. Lemon
Iced Oolong Tea
Iemon (伊右衛門), a brand of green tea drink
Mizone
Natchan
Orangina
Dakara
Lucozade
Ribena
Food for specified health uses[edit]
The following drinks were approved as Food for Specified Health Uses (FOSHU)
.[13][14][15]
Black Oolong Tea
Calcium and Iron Beverage
Sesame Barley Tea
See also[edit]
Osaka portal
Suntory Sungoliath rugby team – champions of the 2007-08 Top League (fifth
season)
Suntory Mermaid II – wave powered catamaran
References[edit]
^ Suntory News Release on January 19, 2009 (Global website), (Japan website)
- Suntory Limited
^ キリン：サントリーと経営統合へ交渉 - 毎日ｊｐ(毎日新聞) Mainichi Shimbun (
Retrieved on July 13, 2009)
^ Termination of Merger Negotiation with Kirin Suntory News Release (
Retrieved on February 8, 2010)
^ "Suntory buys Frucor from Groupe Danone October 2008". Danone. 23 October
2008. Retrieved 16 January 2009.
^ Suntory IPO
^ Suntory News Release on January 13th, 2014 (Global website)
^ MARTINNE GELLER AND OLIVIA ORAN (14 January 2014). "Japan's Suntory to buy
U.S. spirits maker Beam for $13.6 billion cash". Reuters.
^ Beam Suntory, Suntory press release, April 30, 2014.
^ Suntory Still has M&A Thirst, The Wall Street Journal, May 15, 2014.
^ Angela Monaghan "Ribena and Lucozade sold to Japanese drinks giant", The
Guardian, 9 September 2013
^ "Japan's Suntory snaps up Orangina". BBC News. BBC. 2009-11-13. Retrieved
2009-11-15.
^ "GarudaFood, Suntory form joint venture". The Jakarta Post. 2011-07-16.
Retrieved 2012-10-14.
^ "Food for Specified Health Uses (FOSHU)", Ministry of Health, Labour and
Welfare (Retrieved on May 1, 2010)
^ "Beverages, Health Beverages", Suntory (Retrieved on May 1, 2010)
^ "Soft drink product information" (Japanese), Suntory (Retrieved on May 1,
2010)
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Suntory.
Official website
Florigene corporate site
Yahoo! - Suntory Group company profile
Yahoo! - Suntory Limited company profile
v
t
e
Suntory Holdings Limited
Subsidiaries
Chateau Lagrange S.A.S (1983)
Florigene Pty Ltd (2003)
Frucor Beverages Limited (2008)
Gold Knoll Ltd
Louis Royer S.A.S
Morrison Bowmore Distillers, Limited (1994)
First Kitchen
Pepper Lunch2
Beam Suntory (2014)
Spirits & wine
Hakushu
Hibiki
Yamazaki
Auchentoshan
Bowmore
Glen Garioch
McClelland's Single Malt
Midori
Akadama
Soft drinks
Bikkle
Boss Coffee
C.C. Lemon
Calcium and Iron Beverage
Dakara
Mizone
Natchan
Iced Oolong Tea
Orangina1
Lucozade
Ribena
V
Pepsi Special
Beam Suntory
Whiskey
Jim Beam
Maker's Mark
Old Grand-Dad
Old Crow
Basil Hayden's
Booker's
Knob Creek
Kessler
Beam's Eight Star
Laphroaig
Ardmore
Teacher's Highland Cream
The Tyrconnell
Connemara
Greenore
Kilbeggan
Alberta Premium
Canadian Club
DYC whisky
Other spirits
Sauza
Hornitos de Sauza
El Tesoro de Don Felipe
Courvoisier
VOX
Gilbey's
Pinnacle
Cruzan
Gilbey's
Kamora
After Shock
Leroux
Castellana
Sourz
Harvey's Bristol Cream
Other
Nobutada Saji
Yuka Saitō
Suntory Sungoliath
Suntory Sunbirds
Suntory Hall
Suntory Open
Suntory Ladies Open
Suntory Music Award
Suntory Mermaid II
Suntory Museum of Art
1 In North America the brand is owned by Dr Pepper Snapple Group. 2
International operations.
Category
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 257372483
NDL: 01156953
$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$
Beam Suntory
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Beam, Inc.)
Beam Suntory
Type Subsidiary
Industry Distilled beverages
Founded October 4, 2011
Founder Remainder company created from Fortune Brands
Headquarters Deerfield, Illinois, United States
Area served Worldwide
Key people Matthew John Shattock (CEO& President), John Owen (CFO)
Products Spirits
Revenue US$ 2.46 billion (FY 2012)[1]
Operating income $ 5.75 million (FY 2012)[1]
Net income $ 3.82 million (FY 2012)[1]
Total assets $ 8.64 billion (FY 2012)[1]
Total equity $4.61 million (FY 2012)[1]
Number of employees 3400 [1]
Parent Suntory
Website www.beamsuntory.com
Beam Suntory, Inc. is an American manufacturer of spirits headquartered in
Deerfield, Illinois. It is a subsidiary of Suntory Beverage & Food Ltd,
which itself is a subsidiary of Suntory Holdings of Osaka, Japan.
The company'’s principal products include bourbon whiskey, tequila,
Scotch whisky, Irish whiskey, Canadian whisky, vodka, cognac,rum, cordials,
and ready-to-drink pre-mixed cocktails.
As a distinct entity, the company was established as Beam Inc. on October 3,
2011, from the remainder of the Fortune Brandsholding company after it sold
and divested various other product lines to form a business focused
exclusively on spirits and directly related products.[2]
Old logo.
On January 13, 2014, Suntory announced a deal to buy Beam Inc. for about $13
.6 billion.[3] The acquisition was completed on April 30, 2014, for a final
cost of about $16 billion – when it was also announced that Beam would
become a subsidiary named "Beam Suntory".[4][5] Suntory Beverage & Food Ltd
trades on the Tokyo Stock Exchange (2587). In March 2016, the company
announced it would move its headquarters to the Merchandise Mart building on
Chicago's Near North Side.[6]
Contents
1Products
2Prior acquisitions
3References
4External links
Products[edit]
The company's self-produced brands include the following:
American whiskey:
Bourbon whiskey – Jim Beam, Maker's Mark, Old Grand-Dad, Old Crow, Baker's,
Basil Hayden's, Booker's, Knob Creek
Rye whiskey – Jim Beam Rye, Knob Creek Rye, Old Overholt, (rī)1
Blended American whiskey – Kessler, Beam's Eight Star
Scotch whisky:
Single malt Scotch – Laphroaig, Bowmore, Ardmore
Blended Scotch whisky – Teacher's Highland Cream
Irish whiskey:
Single malt Irish whiskey – The Tyrconnell, Connemara
Single grain Irish whiskey – Greenore
Blended Irish whiskey – Kilbeggan
Canadian whisky
Alberta Premium, Canadian Club, Tangle Ridge, Windsor Canadian
Spanish whisky:
DYC whisky
Japanese whisky
Yamazaki, Hakushu, Hibiki
Tequila
Sauza, Hornitos de Sauza, El Tesoro de Don Felipe, Tres Generaciones
Cognac
Courvoisier, Salignac
Vodka
VOX, Wolfschmidt, Gilbey's, Effen, Kamchatka, Pinnacle,
Rum
Cruzan, Calico Jack, Ronrico
Gin
Larios, Gilbey's, Calvert, Sipsmith
Liqueur
Starbucks Liqueurs, Kamora, After Shock, Leroux, Castellana, Sourz
The company sells its products to wholesale distributors, state governments,
third party distributors, global or regional duty-free customers, other
spirits producers, and joint ventures.
In addition to brands produced directly by the company and its subsidiaries,
it imports and markets some brands produced by others, such as the DeKuyper
cordial. Additionally, Beam facilities produce spirits for brands owned by
other companies, such as Calvert Extra blended whiskey, now owned by Luxco.
The company also previously sold Harvey's Bristol Cream sherry, as well as
brandys Fundador, Terry Centenario, Tres Cepas before selling these brands
to Grupo Emperador Spain S.A., part of the Alliance Global Group.[7]
Prior acquisitions[edit]
On December 16, 2011, Beam Inc., agreed to buy the only independent Irish
whiskey distiller that existed at the time, the Cooley Distillery, for $95
million.[8] On April 23, 2012, Beam announced it would acquire the Pinnacle
vodka and Calico Jack rum brands for $600 million.[9]
References[edit]
^ a b c d e f "Beam, Inc. (BEAM)-Key Statistics". Yahoo! Finance.[dead link]
^ "Beam Inc. Begins Life as a Pure-Play Spirits Industry Leader". TheStreet.
com. October 4, 2011. Retrieved March 1, 2016.
^ Horovitz, Bruce (January 13, 2014). "Suntory buys spirits maker Beam for $
13.6B". USA Today.
^ Beam Suntory, Suntory press release, April 30, 2014.
^ Pfanner, Eric (May 15, 2014). "Suntory Still has M&A Thirst". The Wall
Street Journal. Retrieved March 1, 2016. (subscription required (help)).
^ Frost, Peter (February 29, 2016). "Beam Suntory moving HQ to Merchandise
Mart". Crain's Chicago Business.
^ Arceo-Dumlao, Tina (December 1, 2015). "Andrew Tan's Emperador buys Spain'
s Fundador". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
^ (December 16, 2011). "Cooley Distillery Sold for $95M". Irish Examiner.
Retrieved January 11, 2012.
^ "Beam buys Pinnacle Vodka and Calico Jack rum from White Rock". USA Today.
Associated Press. April 23, 2012. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
External links[edit]
Liquor portal
Drink portal
Beam Suntory – official company website
v
t
e
Suntory Holdings Limited
Subsidiaries
Chateau Lagrange S.A.S (1983)
Florigene Pty Ltd (2003)
Frucor Beverages Limited (2008)
Gold Knoll Ltd
Louis Royer S.A.S
Morrison Bowmore Distillers, Limited (1994)
First Kitchen
Pepper Lunch2
Beam Suntory (2014)
Spirits & wine
Hakushu
Hibiki
Yamazaki
Auchentoshan
Bowmore
Glen Garioch
McClelland's Single Malt
Midori
Akadama
Soft drinks
Bikkle
Boss Coffee
C.C. Lemon
Calcium and Iron Beverage
Dakara
Mizone
Natchan
Iced Oolong Tea
Orangina1
Lucozade
Ribena
V
Pepsi Special
Beam Suntory
Whiskey
Jim Beam
Maker's Mark
Old Grand-Dad
Old Crow
Basil Hayden's
Booker's
Knob Creek
Kessler
Beam's Eight Star
Laphroaig
Ardmore
Teacher's Highland Cream
The Tyrconnell
Connemara
Greenore
Kilbeggan
Alberta Premium
Canadian Club
DYC whisky
Other spirits
Sauza
Hornitos de Sauza
El Tesoro de Don Felipe
Courvoisier
VOX
Gilbey's
Pinnacle
Cruzan
Gilbey's
Kamora
After Shock
Leroux
Castellana
Sourz
Harvey's Bristol Cream
Other
Nobutada Saji
Yuka Saitō
Suntory Sungoliath
Suntory Sunbirds
Suntory Hall
Suntory Open
Suntory Ladies Open
Suntory Music Award
Suntory Mermaid II
Suntory Museum of Art
1 In North America the brand is owned by Dr Pepper Snapple Group. 2
International operations.
Category
Categories:
Beam Suntory
2011 establishments in Illinois
Drink companies of the United States
Companies based in Deerfield, Illinois
Companies established in 2011
Suntory
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Lymphatic filariasis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Lymphatic filariasis
Synonyms elephantiasis tropica, elephantiasis arabum[1]
"Bellevue Venus" Oscar G. Mason's portrait of a woman with elephantiasis.
Classification and external resources
Specialty infectious disease
ICD-10 B74
ICD-9-CM 125.0-125.9
eMedicine derm/888
MeSH D005368
[edit on Wikidata]
Lymphatic filariasis, also known as elephantiasis,[2] is a human disease
caused by parasitic worms known as filarial worms.[3]Most cases of the
disease have no symptoms.[3] Some people, however, develop a syndrome called
elephantiasis, which is marked by severe swelling in the arms, legs, or
genitals.[3][4] The skin may also become thicker, and pain may occur. The
changes to the body can cause social and economic problems for the affected
person.[3]
The worms are spread by the bites of infected mosquitoes. Three types of
worms are known to cause the disease: Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi,
and Brugia timori, with Wuchereria bancrofti being the most common. These
worms damage thelymphatic system.[3] The disease is diagnosed by microscopic
examination of blood collected during the night. The blood is typically
examined as a smear after being stained with Giemsa stain. Testing the blood
for antibodies against the disease may also permit diagnosis.[5] Other
roundworms from the same family are responsible for river blindness.[6]
Prevention can be achieved by treating entire groups in which the disease
exists, known as mass deworming. This is done every year for about six years
, in an effort to rid a population of the disease entirely. Medications used
include antiparasitics such asalbendazole with ivermectin, or albendazole
with diethylcarbamazine. The medications do not kill the adult worms but
prevent further spread of the disease until the worms die on their own.
Efforts to prevent mosquito bites are also recommended, including reducing
the number of mosquitoes and promoting the use of bed nets.[3]
Lymphatic filariasis is one of the main neglected tropical diseases and one
of the four main worm infections.[6] More than 120 million people are
infected with lymphatic filariasis and about 1.4 billion people are at risk
of the disease in 73 countries. It is most common in tropical Africa and
Asia. The disease results in economic losses of many billions of dollars a
year.[3]
Contents
1Signs and symptoms
2Causes
3Diagnosis
4Prevention
5Treatment
5.1Antibiotics
6Prognosis
7Epidemiology
8History
9Research directions
10References
Signs and symptoms[edit]
The most spectacular symptom of lymphatic filariasis is elephantiasis, a
stage 3 lymphedema with thickening of the skin and underlying tissues. This
was the first mosquito-borne disease to be discovered.[7] Elephantiasis
results when the parasites lodge in the lymphatic system and cause blockages
to the flow of lymph. Infections usually begin inchildhood.[3]
The skin condition the disease causes is called "elephantiasis tropica" (
also known as "elephantiasis arabum").[8]:438
Elephantiasis mainly affects the lower extremities; the ears, mucous
membranes, and amputation stumps are affected less frequently. However,
various species of filarial worms tend to affect different parts of the body
vulva (causing hydrocele formation), while Brugia timori rarely affects the
genitals.[citation needed] Those who develop the chronic stages of
elephantiasis are usually amicrofilaraemic and often have adverse
immunological reactions to the microfilariaeas well as the adult worms.[
citation needed]
The subcutaneous worms present with skin rashes, urticarial papules, and
arthritis, as well as hyper- and hypopigmentation macules. Onchocerca
volvulus manifests itself in the eyes, causing "river blindness" (
onchocerciasis), one of the leading causes of blindness in the world.[9] [10]
Serous cavity filariasis presents with symptoms similar to subcutaneous
filariasis, in addition to abdominal pain, because these worms are also deep
-tissue dwellers.[citation needed]
Elephantiasis leads to marked swelling of the lower half of the body.
Drawn from the collection at the National Museum of Health and Medicineand
shows the effect of elephantiasis in an historic context. Anatomical items:
Left Leg, Scrotum.
Elephantiasis of the legs due to filariasis. Luzon, Philippines.
Man with massive scrotal elephantiasis, Tanzania, early 20th century
Causes[edit]
Life cycle of Wuchereria bancrofti, a parasite that causes lymphatic
filariasis
Elephantiasis occurs in the presence of microscopic, thread-like parasitic
worms such as Wuchereria bancrofti (the most common[3]), Brugia malayi, and
Brugia timori (also known as B. timori), all of which are transmitted by
bites from infected mosquitoes.[11] It is a type of helminth infection.
Three types of worm cause the disease and damage the lymphatic system:
The disease itself is a result of a complex interplay between several
factors: the worm, the endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria within the worm, the
host’s immune response, and the numerous opportunistic infections and
disorders that arise. The adult worms only live in the human lymphatic
system.[12] The parasite infects the lymph nodes and blocks the flow of
lymph throughout the body; this results in chroniclymphedema, most often
noted in the lower torso (typically in the legs and genitals).[13]
Diagnosis[edit]
The standard method for diagnosing active infection is by finding the
microfilariae via microscopic examination.[14] This may be difficult, as in
most parts of the world, microfilariae only circulate in the blood at night.
[5][14] For this reason, the blood has to be collected nocturnally.[14]The
blood sample is typically in the form of a thick smear and stained with
Giemsa stain. Testing the blood serum for antibodies against the disease may
also be used.[5]
Prevention[edit]
The World Health Organization recommends mass deworming—treating entire
groups of people who are at risk with a single annual dose of two medicines,
namely albendazole in combination with either ivermectin or
diethylcarbamazine citrate.[15]With consistent treatment, since the disease
needs a human host, the reduction of microfilariae means the disease will
not be transmitted, the adult worms will die out, and the cycle will be
broken.[16] In sub-Saharan Africa, albendazole (donated by GlaxoSmithKline)
is being used withivermectin (donated by Merck & Co.) to treat the disease,
whereas elsewhere in the world, albendazole is used with diethylcarbamazine.
[17]Transmission of the infection can be broken when a single dose of these
combined oral medicines is consistently maintained annually for a duration
of four to six years.[15] Using a combination of treatments better reduces
the number of microfilariae in blood. Avoiding mosquito bites, such as by
using insecticide-treated mosquito bed nets, also reduces the transmission
of lymphatic filariasis.[16][18]
The Carter Center's International Task Force for Disease Eradication
declared lymphatic filariaisis one of six potentially eradicable diseases.[
16] According to medical experts, the worldwide effort to eliminate
lymphatic filariasis is on track to potentially succeed by 2020.[19]
For similar-looking but causally unrelated podoconiosis, international
awareness of the disease will have to increase before elimination is
possible. In 2011, podoconiosis was added to the World Health Organization's
Neglected Tropical Diseases list, which was an important milestone in
raising global awareness of the condition.[20] The efforts of the Global
Programme to Eliminate LF are estimated to have prevented 6.6 million new
filariasis cases from developing in children between 2000 and 2007, and to
have stopped the progression of the disease in another 9.5 million people
who had already contracted it.[21] Dr. Mwele Malecela, who chairs the
programme, said: "We are on track to accomplish our goal of elimination by
2020."[19] In 2010, the WHO published a detailed progress report on the
elimination campaign in which they assert that of the 81 countries with
endemic LF, 53 have implemented mass drug administration, and 37 have
completed five or more rounds in some areas, though urban areas remain
problematic.[22]
Treatment[edit]
Treatments for lymphatic filariasis differ depending on the geographic
location of the endemic area.[17] In sub-Saharan Africa, albendazole is
being used with ivermectin to treat the disease, whereas elsewhere in the
world, albendazole is used with diethylcarbamazine.[17] Geo-targeting
treatments is part of a larger strategy to eventually eliminate lymphatic
filariasis by 2020.[17]
Additionally, surgical treatment may be helpful for issues related to
scrotal elephantiasis and hydrocele. However, surgery is generally
ineffective at correcting elephantiasis of the limbs.[citation needed] A
vaccine is not yet available but in 2013 the University of Illinois was
reporting 95% efficacity in testing against B. malayi in mice.[23]
Treatment for podoconiosis consists of consistent shoe-wearing (to avoid
contact with the irritant soil) and hygiene - daily soaking in water with an
antiseptic (such as bleach) added, washing the feet and legs with soap and
water, application of ointment, and in some cases, wearing elastic bandages.
[24] Antibiotics are used in cases of infection.[25]
Antibiotics[edit]
The antibiotic doxycycline is effective in treating lymphatic filariasis.[26
] Its drawbacks are that it requires a 4 to 6 weeks treatment and should not
be used in young children and pregnant women, which prevent its use for
mass prophyllaxis.[26] The parasites responsible for elephantiasis have a
population of endosymbiotic bacteria, Wolbachia, that live inside the worm.
When the symbiotic bacteria of the adult worms are killed by the antibiotic,
they no longer provide chemicals which the nematode larvae need to develop,
which either kill the larvae or prevent their normal development. This
permanently sterilizes the adult worms, which additionally die within 1 or 2
years instead of after their normal 10 to 14 years lifespan.[27]
Prognosis[edit]
About 40 million people were disfigured or incapacitated by the disease in
2015.[28] Elephantiasis caused by lymphatic filariasis is one of the most
common causes of disability in the world.[17] In endemic communities,
approximately 10 percent of women can be affected with swollen limbs, and 50
percent of men can have mutilating genital disease.[17] In areas endemic
for podoconiosis, prevalence can be 5% or higher.[29]
Epidemiology[edit]
Disability-adjusted life year for lymphatic filariasis per 100,000
inhabitants
no data
less than 10
10-50
50-70
70-80
80-90
90-100
100-150
150-200
200-300
300-400
400-500
more than 500
A 2012 report noted that lymphatic filariasis affected 120 million people[30
] and one billion people at risk for infection.[31] It is consideredendemic
in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia, Central and South
America, and Pacific Island nations.
In communities where lymphatic filariasis is endemic, as many as 10% of
women can be afflicted with swollen limbs, and 50% of men can suffer from
mutilating genital symptoms.[17]
Filariasis is considered endemic in 73 countries; 37 of these are in Africa.
In the Americas, it is present in Brazil, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic
, Guyana, Haiti, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago.
In Asia, it is present in
Bangladesh,
Cambodia,
India,
Indonesia,
Laos,
Malaysia,
Maldives,
the Philippines,
Sri Lanka,
Thailand,
Timor-Leste, and
Vietnam.
In the Middle East, it is present only in Yemen.
In the Pacific region, it is endemic in American Samoa, the Cook Islands,
Fiji, French Polynesia, Micronesia, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Tonga,
Tuvalu, and Vanuatu.
In many of these countries, considerable progress has been made towards
elimination of filariasis. Elimination of the disease may have been achieved
in several countries, but awaits official confirmation by the WHO.[when?]
History[edit]
Lymphatic filariasis is thought to have affected humans for about 4000 years
.[32] Artifacts from ancient Egypt (2000 BC) and the Nok civilization in
West Africa (500 BC) show possible elephantiasis symptoms. The first clear
reference to the disease occurs in ancient Greek literature, wherein
scholars differentiated the often similar symptoms of lymphatic filariasis
from those of leprosy.[citation needed]
The first documentation of symptoms occurred in the 16th century, when Jan
Huyghen van Linschoten wrote about the disease during the exploration of Goa
. Similar symptoms were reported by subsequent explorers in areas of Asia
and Africa, though an understanding of the disease did not begin to develop
until centuries later.
In 1866, Timothy Lewis, building on the work of Jean Nicolas Demarquay (de)
and Otto Henry Wucherer, made the connection between microfilariae and
elephantiasis, establishing the course of research that would ultimately
explain the disease. In 1876, Joseph Bancroft discovered the adult form of
the worm. In 1877, the lifecycle involving an arthropod vector was theorized
by Patrick Manson, who proceeded to demonstrate the presence of the worms
in mosquitoes. Manson incorrectly hypothesized that the disease was
transmitted through skin contact with water in which the mosquitoes had laid
eggs. In 1900, George Carmichael Low determined the actual transmission
method by discovering the presence of the worm in the proboscis of the
mosquito vector.[32]
“ Many people in Malabar, Nayars as well as Brahmans and their wives —
in fact about a quarter or a fifth of the total population, including the
people of the lowest castes — have very large legs, swollen to a great size
; and they die of this, and it is an ugly thing to see. They say that this
is due to the water through which they go, because the country is marshy.
This is called pericaes in the native language, and all the swelling is the
same from the knees downward, and they have no pain, nor do they take any
notice of this infirmity. ”
— -Portuguese diplomat Tomé Pires, Suma Oriental, 1512–1515.[33]
Research directions[edit]
Researchers at the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) have developed a
novel vaccine for the prevention of lymphatic filariasis. This vaccine has
been shown to elicit strong, protective immune responses in mouse models of
lymphatic filariasis infection. The immune response elicited by this vaccine
has been demonstrated to be protective against bothW. bancrofti and B.
malayi infection in the mouse model and may prove useful in the human.[34]
On September 20, 2007, geneticists published the first draft of the complete
genome (genetic content) of Brugia malayi, one of the roundworms which
causes lymphatic filariasis.[35]This project had been started in 1994 and by
2000, 80% of the genome had been determined. Determining the content of the
genes might lead to the development of new drugs and vaccines.[36]
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Onchocerciasis
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from River blindness)
Onchocerciasis
Synonyms river blindness, Robles disease
An adult black fly with the parasite Onchocerca volvulus coming out of the
insect's antenna, magnified 100x
Pronunciation /ˌɒŋkoʊsɜːrˈsaɪ&#
601;sᵻs, -ˈkaɪ-/
Classification and external resources
Specialty infectious disease
ICD-10 B73
ICD-9-CM 125.3
DiseasesDB 9218
eMedicine med/1667 oph/709
MeSH D009855
[edit on Wikidata]
Onchocerciasis, also known as river blindness, is a disease caused by
infection with the parasitic worm Onchocerca volvulus.[1] Symptoms include
severe itching, bumps under the skin, and blindness.[1] It is the second
most common cause of blindness due to infection, after trachoma.[2]
The parasite worm is spread by the bites of a black fly of the Simulium type
.[1] Usually, many bites are required before infection occurs.[3] These
flies live near rivers, hence the name of the disease.[2] Once inside a
person, the worms create larvae that make their way out to the skin.[1] Here
, they can infect the next black fly that bites the person.[1] There are a
number of ways to make the diagnosis including: placing a biopsy of the skin
in normal saline and watching for the larva to come out, looking in the eye
for larvae, and looking within the bumps under the skin for adult worms.[4]
A vaccine against the disease does not exist.[1] Prevention is by avoiding
being bitten by flies.[5] This may include the use ofinsect repellent and
proper clothing.[5] Other efforts include those to decrease the fly
population by spraying insecticides.[1]Efforts to eradicate the disease by
treating entire groups of people twice a year is ongoing in a number of
areas of the world.[1]Treatment of those infected is with the medication
ivermectin every six to twelve months.[1][6] This treatment kills the larva
but not the adult worms.[7] The antibiotic doxycycline weakens the worms by
killing an associated bacterium called Wolbachia, and is recommended by some
as well.[7] The lumps under the skin may also be removed by surgery.[6]
About 17 to 25 million people are infected with river blindness, with
approximately 0.8 million having some amount of loss of vision.[3][7] Most
infections occur in sub-Saharan Africa, although cases have also been
reported in Yemen and isolated areas ofCentral and South America.[1] In 1915
, the physician Rodolfo Robles first linked the worm to eye disease.[8] It
is listed by theWorld Health Organization as a neglected tropical disease.[9]
Contents
1Signs and symptoms
1.1Mazzotti reaction
1.2Nodding disease
1.3Classification
2Cause
2.1Life cycle
3Prevention
4Treatment
4.1Antibiotics
4.2Ivermectin
5Epidemiology
6History
7Society and culture
8Research
9See also
10References
11External links
Signs and symptoms[edit]
Adult worms remain in subcutaneous nodules, limiting access to the host's
immune system.[citation needed] Microfilariae, in contrast, are able to
induce intense inflammatory responses, especially upon their death.
Wolbachia species have been found to be endosymbionts of O. volvulus adults
and microfilariae, and are thought to be the driving force behind most of O.
volvulus morbidity. Dying microfilariae have been recently discovered to
release Wolbachia surface protein that activates TLR2 and TLR4, triggering
innate immune responses and producing the inflammation and its associated
morbidity.[10] The severity of illness is directly proportional to the
number of infected microfilariae and the power of the resultant inflammatory
response.[11]
Skin involvement typically consists of intense itching, swelling, and
inflammation.[12] A grading system has been developed to categorize the
degree of skin involvement:[13][14][verification needed]
Acute papular onchodermatitis – scattered pruritic papules
Chronic papular onchodermatitis – larger papules, resulting in
hyperpigmentation
Lichenified onchodermatitis – hyperpigmented papules and plaques, with
edema, lymphadenopathy, pruritus and common secondary bacterial infections
Skin atrophy – loss of elasticity, the skin resembles tissue paper, 'lizard
skin' appearance
Depigmentation – 'leopard skin' appearance, usually on anterior lower leg
Glaucoma effect – eyes malfunction, begin to see shadows or nothing
Ocular involvement provides the common name associated with onchocerciasis,
river blindness, and may involve any part of the eye from conjunctiva and
cornea to uvea and posterior segment, including the retina and optic nerve.[
12] The microfilariae migrate to the surface of the cornea. Punctate
keratitis occurs in the infected area. This clears up as the inflammation
subsides. However, if the infection is chronic, sclerosing keratitis can
occur, making the affected area become opaque. Over time, the entire cornea
may become opaque, thus leading to blindness. Some evidence suggests the
effect on the cornea is caused by an immune response to bacteria present in
the worms.[11]
The skin is itchy, with severe rashes permanently damaging patches of skin.
Mazzotti reaction[edit]
Main article: Mazzotti Reaction
The Mazzotti reaction, first described in 1948, is a symptom complex seen in
patients after undergoing treatment of onchocerciasis with the medication
diethylcarbamazine(DEC). Mazzotti reactions can be life-threatening, and are
characterized by fever, urticaria, swollen and tender lymph nodes,
tachycardia, hypotension, arthralgias, oedema, and abdominal pain that occur
within seven days of treatment of microfilariasis.
Patch test
The phenomenon is so common when DEC is used that this drug is the basis of
a skin patch test used to confirm that diagnosis. The drug patch is placed
on the skin, and if the patient is infected with O. volvulus microfilaria,
localized pruritus and urticaria are seen at the application site.[15]
Nodding disease[edit]
Main article: Nodding disease
This is an unusual form of epidemic epilepsy associated with onchocerciasis.
[16] This syndrome was first described in Tanzania by Louise Jilek-Aall, a
Norwegian psychiatric doctor in Tanzanian practice, during the 1960s. It
occurs most commonly in Uganda and South Sudan. It manifests itself in
previously healthy 5–15-year-old children, is often triggered by eating or
low temperatures and is accompanied by cognitive impairment. Seizures occur
frequently and may be difficult to control. The electroencephalogram is
abnormal but cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
are normal or show non-specific changes. If there are abnormalities on the
MRI they are usually present in the hippocampus. Polymerase chain reaction
testing of the CSF does not show the presence of the parasite.
Classification[edit]
Onchocerciasis causes different kinds of skin changes, which vary in
different geographic regions; it may be divided into the following phases or
types:[17]:440–441[verification needed]
Erisipela de la costa
An acute phase, it is characterized by swelling of the face, with erythema
and itching.[17]:440 This skin change, erisípela de la costa, of acute
onchocerciasis is most commonly seen among victims in Central and South
America.[18]
Mal morando
This cutaneous condition is characterized by inflammation accompanied by
hyperpigmentation.[17]:440
Sowda
A cutaneous condition, it is a localized type of onchocerciasis.[17]:440
Additionally, the various skin changes associated with onchocerciasis may be
described as follows:[17]:440
Leopard skin
The spotted depigmentation of the skin that may occur with onchocerciasis[17
]:440
Elephant skin
The thickening of human skin that may be associated with onchocerciasis[17]:
440
Lizard skin
The thickened, wrinkled skin changes that may result with onchocerciasis[17]
Cause[edit]
The cause is Onchocerca volvulus
Life cycle[edit]
The life of the parasite can be traced through the black fly and the human
hosts in the following steps:[citation needed]
A Simulium female black fly takes a blood meal on an infected human host,
and ingests microfilaria.
The microfilaria enter the gut and thoracic flight muscles of the black fly,
progressing into the first larval stage (J1.).
The larvae mature into the second larval stage (J2.), and move to the
proboscis and into the saliva in its third larval stage (J3.). Maturation
takes about seven days.
The black fly takes another blood meal, passing the larvae into the next
human host’s blood.
The larvae migrate to the subcutaneous tissue and undergo two more molts.
They form nodules as they mature into adult worms over six to 12 months.
After maturing, adult male worms mate with female worms in the subcutaneous
tissue to produce between 700 and 1,500 microfilaria per day.
The microfilaria migrate to the skin during the day, and the black flies
only feed in the day, so the parasite is in a prime position for the female
fly to ingest it. Black flies take blood meals to ingest these microfilaria
to restart the cycle.
Prevention[edit]
Various control programs aim to stop onchocerciasis from being a public
health problem. The first was the Onchocerciasis Control Programme (OCP),
which was launched in 1974, and at its peak, covered 30 million people in 11
countries. Through the use of larvicide spraying of fast-flowing rivers to
control black fly populations, and from 1988 onwards, the use of ivermectin
to treat infected people, the OCP eliminated onchocerciasis as a public
health problem. The OCP, a joint effort of the World Health Organisation,
the World Bank, the United Nations Development Programme, and the UN Food
and Agriculture Organization, was considered to be a success, and came to an
end in 2002. Continued monitoring ensures onchocerciasis cannot reinvade
the area of the OCP.[19]
In 1995, the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control began covering
another 19 countries, mainly relying upon the use of ivermectin. Its goal is
to set up a community-directed supply of ivermectin for those who are
infected. In these ways, transmission has declined.[20] In 2015, WHO was
facilitating launch of an elimination program in Yemen.
In 1992, the Onchocerciasis Elimination Programme for the Americas, which
also relies on ivermectin, was launched.[21] On July 29, 2013, the Pan
American Health Organization(PAHO) announced that after 16 years of efforts,
Colombia had become the first country in the world to eliminate the
parasitic disease onchocerciasis.[22] In September 2015, the Onchocerciasis
Elimination Program for the Americas announced that onchocerciasis only
remained in a remote region on the border of Brazil and Venezuela.[23][24]
The area is home to the Yanomami indigenous people. The first countries to
receive verification of elimination were Colombia in 2013, Ecuador in 2014,
and Mexico in 2015.[25] Guatemala has submitted a request for verification.
The key factor in elimination is mass administration of the antiparasitic
drug ivermectin. The initial projection was that the disease would be
eliminated from remaining foci in the Americas by 2012.[26]
No vaccine to prevent onchocerciasis infection in humans is available. A
vaccine to prevent onchocerciasis infection for cattle is in phase three
trials. Cattle injected with a modified and weakened form of O. ochengi
larvae have developed very high levels of protection against infection. The
findings suggest that it could be possible to develop a vaccine that
protects people against river blindness using a similar approach.
Unfortunately, a vaccine to protect humans is still many years off.[citation
needed]
Treatment[edit]
The burden of onchocerciasis: children leading blind adults in Africa
In mass drug administration (MDA) programmes, the treatment for
onchocerciasis is ivermectin (trade name: Mectizan); infected people can be
treated with two doses of ivermectin, six months apart, repeated every three
years. The drug paralyses and kills the microfilariae causing fever,
itching, and possibly oedema, arthritis and lymphadenopathy. Intense skin
itching is eventually relieved, and the progression towards blindness is
halted. In addition, while the drug does not kill the adult worms, it does
prevent them for a limited time from producing additional offspring. The
drug therefore prevents both morbidity and transmission for up to several
months.
Ivermectin treatment is particularly effective because it only needs to be
taken once or twice a year, needs no refrigeration, and has a wide margin of
safety, with the result that it has been widely given by minimally trained
community health workers.[27]
Antibiotics[edit]
For the treatment of individuals, doxycycline is used to kill the Wolbachia
bacteria that live in adult worms. This adjunct therapy has been shown to
significantly lower microfilarial loads in the host, and may have activity
against the adult worms, due to the symbiotic relationship between Wolbachia
and the worm.[28][29] In four separate trials over 10 years with various
dosing regimens of doxycycline for individualized treatment, doxycycline was
found to be effective in sterilizing the female worms and reducing their
numbers over a period of four to six weeks. Research on other antibiotics,
such as rifampicin, has shown it to be effective in animal models at
reducing Wolbachia both as an alternative and as an adjunct to doxycycline.[
30] However, doxycycline treatment requires daily dosing for at least four
to six weeks, making it more difficult to administer in the affected areas.[
27]
Ivermectin[edit]
Ivermectin kills the parasite by interfering with the nervous system and
muscle function, in particular, by enhancing inhibitory neurotransmission.
The drug binds to and activatesglutamate-gated chloride channels.[27] These
channels, present in neurons and myocytes, are not invertebrate-specific,
but are protected in vertebrates from the action of ivermectin by the blood
–brain barrier.[27] Ivermectin is thought to irreversibly activate these
channel receptors in the worm, eventually causing an inhibitory postsynaptic
potential. The chance of a future action potential occurring in synapses
between neurons decreases and the nematodes experience flaccid paralysis
followed by death.[31][32][33]
Ivermectin is directly effective against the larval stage microfilariae of O
. volvulus; they are paralyzed and can be killed by eosinophils and
macrophages. It does not kill adult females (macrofilariae), but does cause
them to cease releasing microfilariae, perhaps by paralyzing the
reproductive tract.[27] Ivermectin is very effective in reducing
microfilarial load and reducing number of punctate opacities in individuals
with onchocerciasis.[34]
Epidemiology[edit]
Disability-adjusted life year for onchocerciasis per 100,000 inhabitants
no data
less than 10
10–50
50–60
60–70
70–80
80–90
90–100
100–150
150–200
200–300
300–400
more than 400
About 37 million people are infected with this parasite;[35] about 300,000
of those had been permanently blinded.[36] As of 2008, about 99% of
onchocerciasis cases occurred in Africa.[37] Onchocerciasis is currently
endemic in 30 African countries, Yemen, and isolated regions of South
America.[38] Over 85 million people live in endemic areas, and half of these
reside in Nigeria. Another 120 million people are at risk for contracting
the disease. Due to the vector’s breeding habitat, the disease is more
severe along the major rivers in the northern and central areas of the
continent, and severity declines in villages farther from rivers.[citation
needed] Onchocerciasis was eliminated in the northern focus in Chiapas,
Mexico,[39] and the focus in Oaxaca, Mexico, where Onchocerca volvulus
existed, was determined, after several years of treatment with ivermectin,
as free of the transmission of the parasite.[40]
According to a 2002 WHO report, onchocerciasis has not caused a single death
, but its global burden is 987,000 disability adjusted life years (DALYs).
The severe pruritus alone accounts for 60% of the DALYs. Infection reduces
the host’s immunity and resistance to other diseases, which results in an
estimated reduction in life expectancy of 13 years.[38]
History[edit]
Onchocerca originated in Africa and was probably exported to the Americas by
the slave trade, as part of the Columbian exchange that introduced other
old world diseases such as yellow fever into the New World. Findings of a
phylogenetic study in the mid-90s are consistent with an introduction to the
New World in this manner. DNA sequences of savannah and rainforest strains
in Africa differ, while American strains are identical to savannah strains
in western Africa.[41] The microfilarial parasite that causes the disease
was first identified in 1874 by an Irish naval surgeon, John O’Neill, who
was seeking to identify the cause of a common skin disease along the west
coast of Africa, known as “craw-craw”.[42] Rudolf Leuckart, a German
zoologist, later examined specimens of the same filarial worm sent from
Africa by a German missionary doctor in 1890 and named the organism Filaria
volvulus.[43]
Rodolfo Robles and Rafael Pacheco in Guatemala first mentioned the ocular
form of the disease in the Americas about 1915. They described a tropical
worm infection with adult Onchocerca that included inflammation of the skin,
especially the face (‘erisipela de la costa’), and eyes.[44] The disease,
commonly called the “filarial blinding disease”, and later referred to as
“Robles disease”, was common among coffee plantation workers.
Manifestations included subcutaneous nodules, anterior eye lesions, and
dermatitis. Robles sent specimens to émile Brumpt, a French parasitologist,
who named it O. caecutiens in 1919, indicating the parasite caused
blindness (Latin “caecus” meaning blind).[45] The disease was also
reported as being common in Mexico.[46] By the early 1920s, it was generally
agreed that the filaria in Africa and Central America were morphologically
indistinguishable and the same as that described by O’Neill 50 years
earlier.
Robles hypothesized that the vector of the disease was the day-biting black
fly, Simulium. Scottish physician Donald Blacklock of the Liverpool School
of Tropical Medicineconfirmed this mode of transmission in studies in Sierra
Leone. Blacklock’s experiments included the re-infection of Simulium flies
exposed to portions of the skin of infected subjects on which nodules were
present, which led to elucidation of the life cycle of the Onchocerca
parasite.[47] Blacklock and others could find no evidence of eye disease in
Africa. Jean Hissette, a Belgian ophthalmologist, discovered in 1930 that
the organism was the cause of a “river blindness” in the Belgian Congo.[48
] Some of the patients reported seeing tangled threads or worms in their
vision, which were microfilariae moving freely in the aqueous humor of the
anterior chamber of the eye.[49] Blacklock and Strong had thought the
African worm did not affect the eyes, but Hissette reported that 50% of
patients with onchocerciasis near the Sankuru river in the Belgian Congo had
eye disease and 20% were blind. Hisette Isolated the microfilariae from an
enucleated eye and described the typical chorioretinal scarring, later
called the “Hissette-Ridley fundus” after another ophthalmologist, Harold
Ridley, who also made extensive observations on onchocerciasis patients in
north west Ghana, publishing his findings in 1945.[50] Ridley first
postulated that the disease was brought by the slave trade. The
international scientific community was initially skeptical of Hisette’s
findings, but they were confirmed by the Harvard African Expedition of 1934,
led by Richard P. Strong, an American physician of tropical medicine.[51]
Society and culture[edit]
Since 1988, ivermectin has been provided free of charge for use in humans by
Merck through the Mectizan donation program (MDP). The MDP works together
with ministries of health and nongovernmental development organisations,
such as the World Health Organization, to provide free ivermectin to those
who need it in endemic areas.[52]
In 2015 William C. Campbell and Satoshi ōmura were co-awarded half of that
year's Nobel prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of the
avermectin family of compounds, the forerunner of ivermectin. The latter has
come to decrease the occurrence of lymphatic filariasis and onchoceriasis.[
53]
Uganda's government, working with the Carter Center river blindness program
since 1996, switched strategies for distribution of Mectizan. The male-
dominated volunteer distribution system had "failed to take advantage of
traditional kinship structures and roles." The program switched in 2014 from
village health teams to community distributors, primarily selecting women
with the goal of assuring that everyone in the circle of their family and
friends received river blindness information and Mectizan.[54]
Research[edit]
Animal models for the disease are somewhat limited, as the parasite only
lives in primates, but there are close parallels. Litomosoides sigmodontis ,
which will naturally infect cotton rats, has been found to fully develop in
BALB/c mice. Onchocerca ochengi, the closest relative of O. volvulus, lives
in intradermal cavities in cattle, and is also spread by black flies. Both
systems are useful, but not exact, animal models.[55]
A study of 2501 people in Ghana showed the prevalence rate doubled between
2000 and 2005 despite treatment, suggesting the parasite is developing
resistance to the drug.[30][56][57] A clinical trial of another
antiparasitic agent, moxidectin (manufactured by Wyeth), began on July 1,
2009 (NCT00790998).[58]
A Cochrane review compared outcomes of people treated with ivermectin alone
versus doxycycline plus ivermectin. While there were no differences in most
vision-related outcomes between the two treatments, there was low quality
evidence suggesting treated with doxycycline plus ivermectine showed
improvement in iridocyclitis and punctate keratitis, over those treated with
ivermectine alone.[59]
See also[edit]
Medicine portal
Carter Center River Blindness Program
List of parasites (human)
Neglected tropical diseases
Rodolfo Robles
United Front Against Riverblindness
Harold Ridley (ophthalmologist)
References[edit]
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^ a b "Onchocerciasis (also known as River Blindness)". Parasites. CDC. May
21, 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
^ a b "Parasites – Onchocerciasis (also known as River Blindness)
Epidemiology & Risk Factors". CDC. May 21, 2013. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
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^ Lok, James B.; Walker, Edward D.; Scoles, Glen A. (2004). "9. Filariasis".
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^ a b Francesca Tamarozzi; Alice Halliday; Katrin Gentil; Achim Hoerauf;
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.00057-10. PMC 3131055.PMID 21734243.
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^ Ali MM, Baraka OZ, AbdelRahman SI, Sulaiman SM, Williams JF, Homeida MM,
Mackenzie CD (15 February 2003). "Immune responses directed against
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^ Murdoch ME, Hay RJ, Mackenzie CD, Williams JF, Ghalib HW, Cousens S,
Abiose A, Jones BR (September 1993). "A clinical classification and grading
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^ http://microblog.me.uk/420
^ Dowell SF, Sejvar JJ, Riek L, Vandemaele KA, Lamunu M, Kuesel AC,
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^ "NEWS SCAN: Columbia ousts river blindness; Vaccine-derived polio in India
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^ "Brazil and Venezuela border is the last place in the Americas with river
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^ "Onchocerciasis Elimination Program for the Americas (OEPA)". World Health
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^ "Onchocerciasis". World Health Organization. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
^ Sauerbrey, M (September 2008). "The Onchocerciasis Elimination Program for
the Americas (OEPA).". Annals of tropical medicine and parasitology. 102
Suppl 1: 25–9.doi:10.1179/136485908x337454. PMID 18718151.
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Blindness".American Scientist. 98 (4): 294–303.
^ Trattler, Bill; Gladwin, Mark (2007). Clinical Microbiology Made
Ridiculously Simple. Miami: MedMaster. ISBN 0-940780-81-X. OCLC 156907378.
^ Taylor MJ, Bandi C, Hoerauf A (2005). "Wolbachia bacterial endosymbionts
of filarial nematodes". Advances in Parasitology. 60: 245–84. doi:10.1016/
S0065-308X(05)60004-8. PMID 16230105.
^ a b Hoerauf A (2008). "Filariasis: new drugs and new opportunities for
lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis". Current Opinion in Infectious
Diseases. 21 (6): 673–81.doi:10.1097/QCO.0b013e328315cde7. PMID 18978537.
^ Yates DM, Wolstenholme AJ (August 2004). "An ivermectin-sensitive
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International Journal for Parasitology. 34(9): 1075–81. doi:10.1016/j.
ijpara.2004.04.010. PMID 15313134.
^ Harder A (2002). "Chemotherapeutic approaches to nematodes: current
knowledge and outlook". Parasitology Research. 88 (3): 272–7. doi:10.1007/
s00436-001-0535-x.PMID 11954915.
^ Wolstenholme AJ, Rogers AT (2005). "Glutamate-gated chloride channels and
the mode of action of the avermectin/milbemycin anthelmintics". Parasitology
. 131 (Suppl:S85–95): S85–95. doi:10.1017/S0031182005008218. PMID 16569295.
^ Ejere HO, Schwartz E, Wormald R, Evans JR (2012). "Ivermectin for
onchocercal eye disease (river blindness)". Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 8:
CD002219.doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002219.pub2. PMC 4425412. PMID 22895928.
^ Fenwick, A (Mar 2012). "The global burden of neglected tropical diseases."
. Public health. 126 (3): 233–6. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2011.11.015. PMID
22325616.
^ "What is river blindness?". Sightsavers International. Archived from the
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^ "Status of onchocerciasis in APOC countries". World Health Organization.
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^ a b "Epidemiology". Stanford University. 2006.
^ Peña Flores G.; Richards F.; et al. (2010). "Lack of Onchocerca
volvulus transmission in the northern focus in Chiapas". Am. J. Trop. Med.
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^ Peña Flores G.; Richards F.; Domínguez A. (2010). "Interruption of
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^ Zimmerman, PA; Katholi, CR; Wooten, MC; Lang-Unnasch, N; Unnasch, TR (May
1994). "Recent evolutionary history of American Onchocerca volvulus, based
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and Evolution. 11 (3): 384–92. PMID 7516998.
^ O’Neill, John (1875). "O'Neill J. On the presence of a filaria in " craw-
craw" (PDF).The Lancet. 105: 265–266. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)30941-3.
^ "A Short History of Onchocerciasis". Retrieved 18 October 2015.
^ Robles, Roberto (1917). "Enfermedad nueva en Guatemala". La Juventud Mé
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^ Strong, Richard (1942). Stitt’s Diagnosis, prevention and treatment of
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^ Manson-Bahr, Philip H (1943). Tropical diseases; a manual of the diseases
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^ Blacklock, DB (22 January 1927). "THE INSECT TRANSMISSION OF ONCHOCERCA
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^ Kluxen, G; Hoerauf, A (2008). "The significance of some observations on
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^ Hisette, Jean (1932). Mémoire sur l’Onchocerca volvulus "Leuckart" et
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^ Ridley, Harold (1945). "OCULAR ONCHOCERCIASIS Including an Investigation
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^ Kluxen, G. "Harvard African Expedition [Internet]". Retrieved 18 October
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^ Thylefors B, Alleman MM, Twum-Danso NA (May 2008). "Operational lessons
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^ Jan Andersson; Hans Forssberg; Juleen R. Zierath (5 October 2015),
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^ Allen JE, Adjei O, Bain O, Hoerauf A, Hoffmann WH, Makepeace BL, Schulz-
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^ Osei-Atweneboana MY, Eng JK, Boakye DA, Gyapong JO, Prichard RK (June 2007
)."Prevalence and intensity of Onchocerca volvulus infection and efficacy of
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^ [No author listed] (11 July 2009). "Fighting river blindness and other
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^ Abegunde AT, Ahuja RM, Okafor NJ (2016). "Doxycycline plus ivermectin
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PMID 26771164.
Ivermectin
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Ivermectin
Clinical data
Trade names Stromectol, Soolantra cream
AHFS/Drugs.com Monograph (antiparasitic)
FDA Professional Drug Information (rosacea)
MedlinePlus a607069
Pregnancy
category
AU: B3
US: C (Risk not ruled out)
Routes of
administration Oral, topical
ATC code D11AX22 (WHO) P02CF01(WHO) QP54AA01 (WHO)QS02QA03 (WHO)
Legal status
Legal status
US: ℞-only
Pharmacokinetic data
Protein binding 93%
Metabolism Liver (CYP450)
Biological half-life 18 hours
Excretion Feces; <1% urine
Identifiers
IUPAC name
22,23-dihydroavermectin B1a + 22,23-dihydroavermectin B1b
CAS Number 70288-86-7 71827-03-7
PubChem (CID) 9812710
DrugBank DB00602
ChemSpider 7988461
UNII 8883YP2R6D
KEGG D00804
ChEMBL CHEMBL341047
PDB ligand ID IVM (PDBe, RCSB PDB)
ECHA InfoCard 100.067.738
Chemical and physical data
Formula C
48H
74O
14(22,23-dihydroavermectin B1a)
C
47H
72O
14(22,23-dihydroavermectin B1b)
Molar mass 875.10 g/mol
3D model (Jmol) Interactive image
SMILES
CC[[email protected]/* */](C)[C@@H]1[[email protected]/* */](CC[C@@]2(O1)C[C@@H]3C[[email protected]/* */](O2)C/C=C(/[[email protected]/* */]([[email protected]/* */](/C=C
/C=C/4CO[[email protected]/* */]5[C@@]4([C@@H](C=C([[email protected]/* */]5O)C)C(=O)O3)O)C)O[[email protected]/* */]6C[C@@H]([[email protected]/* */]([
C@@H](O6)C)O[[email protected]/* */]7C[C@@H]([[email protected]/* */]([C@@H](O7)C)O)OC)OC)C)C.C[[email protected]/* */]1CC[C@]2(C[C@@
H]3C[[email protected]/* */](O2)C/C=C(/[[email protected]/* */]([[email protected]/* */](/C=C/C=C/4CO[[email protected]/* */]5[C@@]4([C@@H](C=C([[email protected]/* */]5O)
C)C(=O)O3)O)C)O[[email protected]/* */]6C[C@@H]([[email protected]/* */]([C@@H](O6)C)O[[email protected]/* */]7C[C@@H]([[email protected]/* */]([C@@H](
O7)C)O)OC)OC)C)O[C@@H]1C(C)C
InChI
InChI=1S/C48H74O14.C47H72O14/c1-11-25(2)43-28(5)17-18-47(62-43)23-34-20-33(
61-47)16-15-27(4)42(26(3)13-12-14-32-24-55-45-40(49)29(6)19-35(46(51)58-34)
48(32,45)52)59-39-22-37(54-10)44(31(8)57-39)60-38-21-36(53-9)41(50)30(7)56-
38;1-24(2)41-27(5)16-17-46(61-41)22-33-19-32(60-46)15-14-26(4)42(25(3)12-11-
13-31-23-54-44-39(48)28(6)18-34(45(50)57-33)47(31,44)51)58-38-21-36(53-10)43
(30(8)56-38)59-37-20-35(52-9)40(49)29(7)55-37/h12-15,19,25-26,28,30-31,33-45
,49-50,52H,11,16-18,20-24H2,1-10H3;11-14,18,24-25,27,29-30,32-44,48-49,51H,
15-17,19-23H2,1-10H3/b13-12+,27-15+,32-14+;12-11+,26-14+,31-13+/t25-,26-,28-
,30-,31-,33+,34-,35-,36-,37-,38-,39-,40+,41-,42-,43+,44-,45+,47+,48+;25-,27-
,29-,30-,32+,33-,34-,35-,36-,37-,38-,39+,40-,41+,42-,43-,44+,46+,47+/m00/s1
Key:SPBDXSGPUHCETR-JFUDTMANSA-N
(what is this?) (verify)
Ivermectin is a medication that is effective against many types of parasites
.[1] It is used to treat head lice,[2] scabies,[3] river blindness,[4]
strongyloidiasis,[5] and lymphatic filariasis, among others.[6] It can be
either applied to the skin or taken by mouth. The eyes should be avoided.[2]
Common side effects include red eyes, dry skin, and burning skin.[2] It is
unclear if it is safe for use during pregnancy, but is likely acceptable for
use during breastfeeding.[7] It is in the avermectin family of medications
and works by causing an increase in permeability of cell membrane resulting
in paralysis and death of the parasite.[2]
Ivermectin was discovered in 1975 and came into medical use in 1981.[6][8]
It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the
most important medications needed in a basic health system.[9] The wholesale
cost in the developing world is about US$0.12 for a course of treatment.[10
] In the United States it costs $25–50.[5] In other animals it is used to
prevent and treat heartworm among other diseases.[1]
Contents
1Medical uses
1.1Arthropod
1.2Rosacea
2Contraindications
3Side effects
4Pharmacology
4.1Pharmacodynamics
4.2Pharmacokinetics
4.3Ecotoxicity
5History
6Brand names
7Veterinary use
8Research
9See also
10Notes and references
11External links
Medical uses[edit]
Ivermectin is a broad-spectrum antiparasitic agent, traditionally against
parasitic worms. It is mainly used in humans in the treatment of
onchocerciasis (river blindness), but is also effective against other worm
infestations (such as strongyloidiasis,ascariasis, trichuriasis, filariasis
and enterobiasis), and some epidermal parasitic skin diseases, including
scabies.
Ivermectin is currently being used to help eliminate river blindness (
onchocerciasis) in the Americas, and to stop transmission oflymphatic
filariasis and onchocerciasis around the world in programs sponsored by the
Carter Center using ivermectin donated by Merck.[11][12][13] The disease is
common in 30 African countries, six Latin American countries, and Yemen.[14]
The drug rapidly kills microfilariae, but not the adult worms. A single
oral dose of ivermectin, taken annually for the 10–15-year lifespan of the
adult worms, is all that is needed to protect the individual from
onchocerciasis.[15]
Arthropod[edit]
More recent evidence supports its use against parasitic arthropods and
insects:
Mites such as scabies:[16][17][18] It is usually limited to cases that prove
to be resistant to topical treatments or that present in an advanced state
(such as Norwegian scabies).[18]
Lice:[19][20] Ivermectin lotion (0.5%) is FDA-approved for patients six
months of age and older.[21] After a single, 10-minute application of this
formulation on dry hair, 78% of subjects were found to be free of lice after
two weeks.[22] This level of effectiveness is equivalent to other
pediculicide treatments requiring two applications.[23]
Bed bugs:[24] Early research shows that the drug kills bed bugs when taken
by humans at normal doses. The drug enters the human bloodstream and if the
bedbugs bite during that time, they will die in a few days.
Rosacea[edit]
An ivermectin cream has been approved by the FDA, as well as in Europe, for
the treatment of inflammatory lesions of rosacea. The treatment is based
upon the hypothesis that parasitic mites of the genus Demodex play a role in
rosacea. In a clinical study, ivermectin reduced lesions by 83% over 4
months, as compared to 74% under a metronidazole standard therapy.[25][26][
27]
Contraindications[edit]
Ivermectin is contraindicated in children under the age of five, or those
who weigh less than 15 kilograms (33 pounds)[28] and those who are
breastfeeding, and have a hepatic or renal disease.[29]
Side effects[edit]
The main concern is neurotoxicity, which in most mammalian species may
manifest as central nervous system depression, and consequent ataxia, as
might be expected from potentiation of inhibitory GABA-ergic synapses.
Dogs with defects in the P-glycoprotein gene (MDR1), often collie-like
herding dogs, can be severely poisoned by ivermectin.
Since drugs that inhibit CYP3A4 enzymes often also inhibit P-glycoprotein
transport, the risk of increased absorption past the blood-brain barrier
exists when ivermectin is administered along with other CYP3A4 inhibitors.
These drugs include statins, HIV protease inhibitors, many calcium channel
blockers, and glucocorticoids such as dexamethasone, lidocaine, and the
benzodiazepines.[30]
For dogs, the insecticide spinosad may have the effect of increasing the
potency of ivermectin.[31]
Pharmacology[edit]
Pharmacodynamics[edit]
Ivermectin and other avermectins (insecticides most frequently used in home-
use ant baits) are macrocyclic lactones derived from the bacterium
Streptomyces avermitilis. Ivermectin kills by interfering with nervous
system and muscle function, in particular by enhancing inhibitory
neurotransmission.
The drug binds to glutamate-gated chloride channels (GluCls) in the
membranes of invertebrate nerve and muscle cells, causing increased
permeability to chloride ions, resulting in cellular hyper-polarization,
followed by paralysis and death.[2][32] GluCls are invertebrate-specific
members of the Cys-loop family of ligand-gated ion channels present in
neuronsand myocytes.
Pharmacokinetics[edit]
Ivermectin can be given either by mouth or injection. It does not readily
cross the blood–brain barrier of mammals due to the presence of P-
glycoprotein,[33] (the MDR1 gene mutation affects function of this protein).
Crossing may still become significant if ivermectin is given at high doses
(in which case, brain levels peak 2–5 hr after administration). In contrast
to mammals, ivermectin can cross the blood–brain barrier in tortoises,
often with fatal consequences.
Ecotoxicity[edit]
Field studies have demonstrated the dung of animals treated with ivermectin
supports a significantly reduced diversity of invertebrates, and the dung
persists longer.[34]
History[edit]
The discovery of the avermectin family of compounds, from which ivermectin
is chemically derived, was made by Satoshi ōmura of Kitasato University,
Tokyo and William C. Campbell of the Merck Institute for Therapeutic
research. ōmura identified avermectin from the bacterium Streptomyces
avermitilis. Campbell purified avermectin from cultures obtained from ōmura
and led efforts leading to the discovery of ivermectin, a derivative of
greater potency and lower toxicity.[35] Ivermectin was introduced in 1981.[
36] Half of the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded
jointly to Campbell and ōmura for discovering avermectin, "the derivatives
of which have radically lowered the incidence of river blindness and
lymphatic filariasis, as well as showing efficacy against an expanding
number of other parasitic diseases".[37]
Brand names[edit]
It is sold under brand names Heartgard, Sklice[38] and Stromectol[39] in the
United States, Ivomec worldwide by Merial Animal Health, Mectizan in Canada
by Merck, Iver-DT[40] in Nepal by Alive Pharmaceutical and Ivexterm in
Mexico by Valeant Pharmaceuticals International. In Southeast Asian
countries, it is marketed by Delta Pharma Ltd. under the trade name Scabo 6.
While in development, it was assigned the code MK-933 by Merck.[41]
Veterinary use[edit]
In veterinary medicine ivermectin is used against many intestinal worms (but
not tapeworms), most mites, and some lice. Despite this, it is not
effective for eliminating ticks, flies, flukes, or fleas. Eggs and larvae
mature and come back to the host. It is effective against larval heartworms,
but not against adult heartworms, though it may shorten their lives. The
dose of the medicine must be very accurately measured as it is very toxic in
over-dosage. It is sometimes administered in combination with other
medications to treat a broad spectrum of animal parasites. Some dog breeds (
especially the Rough Collie, the Smooth Collie, the Shetland Sheepdog, and
the Australian Shepherd), though, have a high incidence of a certain
mutation within the MDR1 gene (coding for P-glycoprotein); affected animals
are particularly sensitive to the toxic effects of ivermectin.[42][43]
Clinical evidence suggests kittens are susceptible to ivermectin toxicity.[
44] A 0.01% ivermectin topical preparation for treating ear mites in cats (
Acarexx) is available.
Ivermectin is sometimes used as an acaricide in reptiles, both by injection
and as a diluted spray. While this works well in some cases, care must be
taken, as several species of reptiles are very sensitive to ivermectin. Use
in turtles is particularly contraindicated.
Research[edit]
Ivermectin is also being studied as a potential antiviral agent against the
viruses chikungunya and yellow fever.[45]
A 2012 Cochrane review found weak evidence suggesting that ivermectin could
result in the reduction of chorioretinal lesions and prevent loss of vision
in people withonchocerciasis.[46]
See also[edit]
Medicine portal
Carter Center
Neglected diseases
United Front Against Riverblindness
Notes and references[edit]
^ a b Saunders Handbook of Veterinary Drugs: Small and Large Animal (4 ed.).
Elsevier Health Sciences. 2015. p. 420. ISBN 978-0-323-24486-2.
^ a b c d e "Ivermectin". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists.
Retrieved Jan 2016. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
^ Panahi, Y; Poursaleh, Z; Goldust, M (2015). "The efficacy of topical and
oral ivermectin in the treatment of human scabies.". Annals of Parasitology.
61 (1): 11–6.PMID 25911032.
^ Sneader, Walter (2005). Drug Discovery a History. Chichester: John Wiley &
Sons. p. 333. ISBN 978-0-470-01552-0.
^ a b Hamilton, Richard J. (2014). Tarascon pocket pharmacopoeia : 2014
deluxe lab-pocket edition (15th ed.). Sudbury: Jones & Bartlett Learning. p.
422. ISBN 978-1-284-05399-9.
^ a b Mehlhorn, Heinz (2008). Encyclopedia of parasitology (3rd ed.). Berlin
^ "Ivermectin Levels and Effects while Breastfeeding". Retrieved January 16,
2016.
^ Vercruysse, edited by J.; Rew, R.S. (2002). Macrocyclic lactones in
antiparasitic therapy. Oxon, UK: CABI Pub. p. Preface. ISBN 978-0-85199-840-
4.
^ "WHO Model List of Essential Medicines" (PDF). World Health Organization.
October 2013. Retrieved April 22, 2014.
^ "Ivermectin". International Drug Price Indicator Guide. Retrieved January
16, 2016.
^ The Carter Center. "River Blindness (Onchocerciasis) Program". Retrieved
July 17,2008.
^ The Carter Center. "Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Program". Retrieved
July 17,2008.
^ WHO. "African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control". Retrieved November 12
,2009.
^ United Front Against Riverblindness. "Onchocerciasis or Riverblindness".
Archived from the original on August 26, 2007.
^ United Front Against Riverblindness. "Control of Riverblindness". Archived
from the original on August 27, 2007.
^ Brooks PA, Grace RF (August 2002). "Ivermectin is better than benzyl
benzoate for childhood scabies in developing countries". J Paediatr Child
Health. 38 (4): 401–4.doi:10.1046/j.1440-1754.2002.00015.x. PMID 12174005.
^ Victoria J, Trujillo R (2001). "Topical ivermectin: a new successful
treatment for scabies". Pediatr Dermatol. 18 (1): 63–5. doi:10.1046/j.1525-
1470.2001.018001063.x.PMID 11207977.
^ a b Strong M, Johnstone PW (2007). Strong, Mark, ed. "Interventions for
treating scabies". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (3): CD000320.doi
^ Dourmishev AL; Dourmishev LA; Schwartz RA (December 2005). "Ivermectin:
pharmacology and application in dermatology". International Journal of
Dermatology. 44(12): 981–8. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2004.02253.x. PMID
16409259.
^ Strycharz JP; Yoon KS; Clark JM (January 2008). "A new ivermectin
formulation topically kills permethrin-resistant human head lice (Anoplura:
Pediculidae)". Journal of Medical Entomology. 45 (1): 75–81. doi:10.1603/
0022-2585(2008)45[75:ANIFTK]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0022-2585. PMID 18283945.
^ "Sklice lotion".
^ David M. Pariser, M.D.; Terri Lynn Meinking, Ph.D.; Margie Bell, M.S.;
William G. Ryan, B.V.Sc. (November 1, 2012). "Topical 0.5% Ivermectin Lotion
for Treatment of Head Lice". New England Journal of Medicine. 367 (18):
1687–1693.doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1200107. PMID 23113480.
^ Study shows ivermectin ending lice problem in one treatment, Los Angeles
Times, |
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