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发帖数: 38600 | 1 Reagan’s embrace of apartheid South Africa
His foreign policy legacy includes an alliance with a racist government
Justin Elliott
Topics: The Real Reagan, War Room, Politics News
Reagan's embrace of apartheid South AfricaStudent demonstrators at
Johannesburg's Witwatersrand University flee as police fire tear gas at them
during an anti-apartheid protest rally August 31, 1989.
The regime of apartheid in South Africa, under which nonwhites were
systematically oppressed and deprived of their rights, is remembered as one
of the worst crimes against humanity of the 20th century.
Despite a growing international movement to topple apartheid in the 1980s,
President Ronald Reagan maintained a close alliance with a South African
government that was showing no signs of serious reform. And the Reagan
administration demonized opponents of apartheid, most notably the African
National Congress, as dangerous and pro-communist. Reagan even vetoed a bill
to impose sanctions on South Africa, only to be overruled by Congress.
On a trip to the United States after winning the Nobel Prize in 1984, Bishop
Desmond Tutu memorably declared that Reagan’s policy was ”immoral, evil
and totally un-Christian.” Reagan’s record on South Africa was also marked
by at least one embarrassing gaffe, when he told a radio interviewer in
1985: “They have eliminated the segregation that we once had in our own
country — the type of thing where hotels and restaurants and places of
entertainment and so forth were segregated — that has all been eliminated.
” Of course, that was simply not true, and Reagan later walked the
statement back.
To learn more about Reagan’s policy on South Africa, I spoke with David
Schmitz, a historian at Whitman College who has written widely on U.S.
foreign policy. His new book is a biography of Brent Scowcroft. What follows
is a transcript of our conversation, edited for length and clarity.
Where did things stand between the U.S. and South Africa when Reagan entered
office in 1981?
Carter had imposed sanctions and restrictions on South Africa and also had
publicly criticized the South African government many times. Reagan went
back to supporting the government, and he did it under the guise of the
policy of “constructive engagement.” This policy had been worked out by
Chester Crocker, later a Reagan State Department official, who wrote about
it in Foreign Affairs in 1980.
Can you define that term, constructive engagement?
The idea of constructive engagement was that there were moderates in the
South African government and so you wanted to encourage them. And if you
constructively engaged with them, they would promote gradual change,
political reform and so on. But to just oppose the government would make it
intransigent and that would create greater polarization, and that was a
situation that only extremists would benefit from. The Reagan administration
saw the African National Congress (ANC) as a dangerous, pro-communist
movement. So the notion of constructive engagement was gradual reform. It
was also linked to Reagan supporting the Sullivan principles as a proper way
to bring about change.
What were the Sullivan principles?
They were an idea promoted by an American religious leader, Reverend Leon
Sullivan, a Baptist minister in Philadelphia. What he said was that, if
corporations agree to certain standards of fair employment in South Africa,
they shouldn’t be subjected to protests or divestiture. At that time there
were a lot of protests in the United States demanding that universities and
corporations divest from South Africa. Sullivan argued that these principles
would be part of a middle ground between two extremes that would allow for
change and betterment of the conditions of blacks in South Africa. Reagan
seized upon that. Constructive engagement was presented as a middle ground
between apartheid forever and those that wanted immediate change — which
Reagan and Crocker argued would lead to chaos that the Soviets would take
advantage of.
So what did that policy mean on the ground? Were the two governments close?
Yes, the Reagan administration worked very closely with [South African Prime
Minister] P.W. Botha. He came to Washington and there were meetings in
Europe as well. Reagan gave a lot of public support to the South African
government, portraying Botha as a moderate who was willing to start
political reforms and would stay on the side of the United States and help
us block Soviet influence in southern Africa.
How did that square with what was actually going on in South Africa?
Nothing was going on. The reforms were cosmetic at best. Sullivan would
eventually say in 1987 that it didn’t work. The crackdown of 1986 and the
reimposition of martial law just made a total lie out of the notion that
there were moderates in the Afrikaner government.
Talk about that crackdown and the U.S. response to it.
There was a lot of pressure building up in the United States, and Congress
was threatening to pass legislation that would put sanctions on South Africa
and restrict the flow of American aid to South Africa. Reagan always said
he would veto that. Then Botha gave a speech on Aug. 15, 1985, in the face
of increasing unrest in South Africa — this known as the “Rubicon speech.
” And he said that South Africa would never accept one man, one vote in a
unitary system. Real democracy, he said, would lead to chaos. This
disappointed Reagan. But he stuck with Botha. Pressure built both inside of
South Africa and outside, and the protest inside of South Africa led to the
imposition of martial law. Congress then voted sanctions.
Was this the incident in which sanctions were voted and Reagan vetoed and
was then overruled?
Yes. Sen. Nancy Kassebaum took the lead of the Republicans. She said that
the situation in South Africa was virtually beyond hope and that
constructive engagement was irrelevant. This regime was not going to change
unless forced to. The United States was just party to this continued
oppression. That sort of broke the Republican unity behind Reagan on this
policy. The larger context was that Reagan had just failed in the
Philippines in trying to back [Ferdinand] Marcos to the end. The Reagan
doctrine was collapsing in Central America as well, with opposition growing
to his interventions there. So that was also now happening in South Africa.
The House vote wasn’t even recorded, it was so overwhelming in favor of
imposing sanctions. The Senate vote was more than enough to override the
veto, which it did.
What about U.S. policy toward the opposition groups like the ANC and Nelson
Mandela?
They called the ANC terrorists. It was just continuing this notion that the
ANC members are the extremists and the South African government has these
moderates, and you’re going to end up with one extreme against the other if
you don’t work with the government. Clearly, it never worked. This was a
flawed policy.
By the end of the Reagan years, had the policy changed?
Well, Reagan’s attitudes hadn’t changed, but the policy changed because
Congress changed it and voted sanctions. That cut off a lot of the flow of
American capital. Sullivan renounced his position. Bishop Desmond Tutu came
to the United States in 1984 after being awarded the Nobel Prize. He speaks
in the House of Representatives and says that constructive engagement is a
farce, and that it just entrenched the existing order. He said Reagan’s
policy was “immoral, evil and totally un-Christian.”
After Reagan met with Tutu, he was asked at a press conference to talk about
their meeting. Reagan said, “It is counterproductive for one country to
splash itself all over the headlines, demanding that another government do
something.” Then he claimed that black tribal leaders had expressed their
support for American investment. He was trying to discredit Tutu’s argument
that U.S. policy had hurt blacks. Anti-communism trumped so much in Reagan
’s view of the non-Western world.
Would you argue that Reagan’s foreign policy extended the life of the
regime in South Africa?
Yes. It gave it life. It gave it hope that the United States would continue
to stick with it. It gave it continued flow of aid as well as ideological
support. It delayed the changes that were going to come. Then you had the
big crackdowns in ’86 and ’87. So there was harm in the lengthening. There
was harm in the violence that continued.
I think a lot of well-meaning people in the United States bought the
Sullivan principles and constructive engagement, because it seems reasonable
. Reagan would say, “If we’re willing to talk to the Russians, why aren’t
we willing to talk to the South African government?” We’re going to
encourage them to moderate and reform — it sounds reasonable. But there was
no real pressure. It was all talk. And it was exposed as that. | b********n
发帖数: 38600 | 2
them
one
【在 b********n 的大作中提到】
: Reagan’s embrace of apartheid South Africa
: His foreign policy legacy includes an alliance with a racist government
: Justin Elliott
: Topics: The Real Reagan, War Room, Politics News
: Reagan's embrace of apartheid South AfricaStudent demonstrators at
: Johannesburg's Witwatersrand University flee as police fire tear gas at them
: during an anti-apartheid protest rally August 31, 1989.
: The regime of apartheid in South Africa, under which nonwhites were
: systematically oppressed and deprived of their rights, is remembered as one
: of the worst crimes against humanity of the 20th century.
| b********n
发帖数: 38600 | 3 1990年曼德拉被释放后访问世界，在英国期间，他毫不客气的拒绝了和撒切尔会面的请
求。
them
one
【在 b********n 的大作中提到】
: Reagan’s embrace of apartheid South Africa
: His foreign policy legacy includes an alliance with a racist government
: Justin Elliott
: Topics: The Real Reagan, War Room, Politics News
: Reagan's embrace of apartheid South AfricaStudent demonstrators at
: Johannesburg's Witwatersrand University flee as police fire tear gas at them
: during an anti-apartheid protest rally August 31, 1989.
: The regime of apartheid in South Africa, under which nonwhites were
: systematically oppressed and deprived of their rights, is remembered as one
: of the worst crimes against humanity of the 20th century.
| b********n
发帖数: 38600 | 4 http://www.salon.com/2011/02/05/ronald_reagan_apartheid_south_a
them
one
【在 b********n 的大作中提到】
: Reagan’s embrace of apartheid South Africa
: His foreign policy legacy includes an alliance with a racist government
: Justin Elliott
: Topics: The Real Reagan, War Room, Politics News
: Reagan's embrace of apartheid South AfricaStudent demonstrators at
: Johannesburg's Witwatersrand University flee as police fire tear gas at them
: during an anti-apartheid protest rally August 31, 1989.
: The regime of apartheid in South Africa, under which nonwhites were
: systematically oppressed and deprived of their rights, is remembered as one
: of the worst crimes against humanity of the 20th century.
| T**********e
发帖数: 29576 | 5 这事不久前撒切尔去世还有人挖出来说呢，她还和当时澳大利亚总理还是谁说不能让亚
洲人移民太多到澳洲，结果不知道那人有个亚裔老婆。
撒切尔在种族和路线问题上是非常清醒的，一点不装b，欧元那个烂货也给她挡住了。 |
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