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发帖数: 25265 | 1 ASTM International (ASTM), originally known as the American Society for
Testing and Materials, is an international standards organization that
develops and publishes voluntary consensus technical standards for a wide
range of materials, products, systems, and services. The organization's
headquarters is in West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, about 5 miles (8 km)
northwest of Philadelphia.
ASTM, founded in 1898, predates other standards organizations such as BSI (
1901), DIN (1917) and AFNOR (1926), but differs from these in that it is not
a national standards body, that role being taken in the United States by
ANSI. However, ASTM has a dominant role among standards developers in the
USA, and claims to be the world's largest developer of standards. Using a
consensus process, ASTM supports thousands of volunteer technical committees
, which draw their members from around the world and collectively develop
and maintain more than 12,000 standards.
ASTM International publishes the Annual Book of ASTM Standards each year in
print, CD and online versions. The online version was available by
subscription and cost was based upon usage. For 2008, the complete set of
books or CDs cost almost US$9000 and included 81 volumes. For 2010, the
complete set of books or CDs cost almost $9700 and included 82 volumes.
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Standards
3 Membership and organization
4 Standards compliance
5 Standards
6 See also
7 References
8 External links
[edit] History
A group of scientists and engineers, led by Charles Benjamin Dudley formed
the American Society for Testing and Materials in 1898 to address the
frequent rail breaks plaguing the fast-growing railroad industry. The group
developed a standard for the steel used to fabricate rails.
In 2001, ASTM changed its name to ASTM International to reflect global
participation in ASTM and worldwide use of its standards.
In 2009, a joint effort by standards development organizations AAMI, ANSI,
ASTM, and DIN created a single, centralized database for medical device
standards.[1]
[edit] Standards
The standards produced by ASTM International fall into six categories:
the Standard Specification, that defines the requirements to be
satisfied by subject of the standard.
the Standard Test Method, that defines the way a test is performed and
the precision of the result. The result of the test may be used to assess
compliance with a Standard Specification.
the Standard Practice, that defines a sequence of operations that,
unlike a Standard Test Method, does not produce a result.
the Standard Guide, that provides an organized collection of information
or series of options that does not recommend a specific course of action.
the Standard Classification, that provides an arrangement or division of
materials, products, systems, or services into groups based on similar
characteristics such as origin, composition, properties, or use.
the Terminology Standard, that provides agreed definitions of terms used
in the other standards.
The quality of the standards is such that they are frequently used worldwide.
The Annual Book of ASTM Standards covers 15 sections of interest plus a
master index:
Iron and Steel Products
Nonferrous Metal Products
Metals Test Methods and Analytical Procedures
Construction
Petroleum Products, Lubricants, and Fossil Fuels
Paints, Related Coatings, and Aromatics
Textiles
Plastics
Rubber
Electrical Insulation and Electronics
Water and Environmental Technology
Nuclear, Solar, and Geothermal Energy
Medical Devices and Services
General Methods and Instrumentation
General Products, Chemical Specialties, and End Use Products
Index to all sections and volumes
ASTM Standards can be purchased as a digital library subscription or
individually from ASTM and other qualified [2] standards providers. When
maintaining a large standards library, often digital subscriptions are used
to simplify staying current on standards and to remain in compliance with
all copyright laws. A technical library at a university may also have copies
of standards to review.
[edit] Membership and organization
Membership in the organization is open to anyone with an interest in its
activities.[3] Standards are developed within committees, and new committees
are formed as needed, upon request of interested members. Membership in
most committees is voluntary and is initiated by the member's own request,
not by appointment nor by invitation. Members are classified as users,
producers, consumers, and "general interest". The latter include academics
and consultants. Users include industry users, who may be producers in the
context of other technical committees, and end-users such as consumers. In
order to meet the requirements of antitrust laws, producers must constitute
less than 50% of every committee or subcommittee, and votes are limited to
one per producer company. Because of these restrictions, there can be a
substantial waiting-list of producers seeking organizational memberships on
the more popular committees. Members can, however, participate without a
formal vote and their input will be fully considered.
As of 2007, more than 30,000 members, including over 1100 organizational
members,[4] from more than 120 countries, including 120 members in China as
of 2005.[5] The 2011 Chairman of the Board is Catherine H. Pilarz; James A.
Thomas is the President of ASTM International.[6][7]
ASTM International presents several awards for contributions to standards
authorship, including the ASTM International Award of Merit (the
organization's highest award)[8]
ASTM International is recognized by the US Internal Revenue Service as a 501
(c)(3) nonprofit organization.
[edit] Standards compliance
ASTM International has no role in requiring or enforcing compliance with its
standards. The standards, however, may become mandatory when referenced by
an external contract, corporation, or government.
In the United States, ASTM standards have been adopted, by incorporation
or by reference, in many federal, state, and municipal government
regulations. The National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act, passed in
1995, requires the federal government to use privately developed consensus
standards whenever possible. The Act reflects what had long been recommended
as best practice within the federal government.
Other governments (local and worldwide) also have referenced ASTM
standards [9]
Corporations doing international business may choose to reference an
ASTM standard.
[edit] Standards
Main article: List of ASTM standards
[edit] See also
Materials property
Pt/Co scale
Technical standard
International standards
[edit] References
^ Medical Device Standards Database Press Release 09/09/09
^ IHS ASTM
^ Open membership in ASTM
^ ASTM Organizational Membership Directory
^ ASTM Standardization News, August 2005 Feature by Zhang Li Hon, “
Standards: The New Focus in China’s Exchange with the World”
^ Nominations for the 2011 Board of Directors
^ President's Column
^ ASTM Awards
^ Transport Canada use of ASTM
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASTM_International |
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